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<glossary.htm> Terminology Pooled References GENERAL INDEX [Navigate to MAIN MENU
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GLOSSARY (Contacts) Following are definitions of key scientific
terms, as derived primarily from Borror (1960), Borror et al. (current running dates),
Brown (1954), Carpenter
(1938), Dorland (1932), Hanson (1959), Henderson & Henderson (1939), and
Huber & Sharkey (1993) [see latter for illustrations], Jaeger (155), Jardine (1913), Pennak (1964), Service
(2008), Smith (1906), Snodgrass (1935) Torre-Bueno (1937), Tuxen (1970) and
Tweney & Hughes (1940). |
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<A terms> abdomen (adj., abdominal) = (Hymenoptera) The principal posterior
division of the body, posterior to the leg-bearing segments and composed of 10 or fewer
apparent segments; in most Symphyta abdominal segment-1 is easily recognized by its median split (cf.
metasoma, propodeum). The posterior
of three body regions. abscissa (pl. abscissae) = A segment of a wing vein that is
delimited by the intersection of other veins. acaricide
= Chemical that kills mites and ticks.
Most acaricides are also insecticides. accessory vein = An extra branch of a longitudinal vein (indicated by a
subscript a; for example, an accessory of M, is designated Ml. accessory pulsatile organ = Contractile organs that function to move hemolymph
into and out of appendages. accessory cell = A closed cell in the front wing of Lepidoptera formed
by the fusion of 2 branches of the radius, usually the R-2 cell accessory gland = A secretory organ associated with the reproductive
system; a gland associated with reproductive organs or either males of females and
producing substances accompanying the sperm or eggs. accessory pulsatile organ = Contractile organs that function to move hemolymph into
and out of appendages. accessory vein = An extra branch of a longitudinal vein (indicated by a
subscript "a"). acrosternite = The portion of a sternum anterior to the antecostal
suture. acrostichal bristles = One or more longitudinal rows of small bristles along
the center of the mesonotum in Diptera. acrotergite = The portion of a tergum anterior to the antecostal
suture. aculea (pl., aculeae) = Minute spines on the wing membrane in
Lepidoptera. aculeate = With aculea in Lepidoptera or a sting in
Hymenoptera. acuminate = Tapering to a long point. acute = Pointed; forming an angle of less than 90°. Sharply
angled, less than 90° adecticous = A type of pupa in which the mandibles are immovable and
nonfunctional. adfrontal areas = A pair of narrow oblique sclerites on the head of a
lepidopterous larva. adventitious vein = A secondary vein, neither accessory nor intercalary,
usually the result of cross veins lined up to form a continuous vein = A wing vein that is
not homologized with a standard wing vein = aedeagus = The sclerotized median intromittent organ of a male
insect = The male intromittent organ; the distal part of the phallus; penis plus parameres. aeropile = the opening in the chorion (egg shell) through which
air enters, often covered by a plastron. aestivation = Dormancy during a warm or dry season. agamic = Reproducing parthenogenetically (without mating). alinotum = The notal plate of the mesothorax or metathorax of a
pterygote insect. allometric growth = A genetically determined tendency for a certain body
part to grow at a more rapid rate than other parts. allomone = An external chemical signal that acts between different
species to benefit the producer; e.g., to repel a predator or parasitoid. alula (pl., alulae) = A lobe at the base of the wing in
Diptera; see calypter. amastigote = Morphological form of species of Leishmania and Trypanosoma
with a rounded body and without a flagellum that
occurs mainly in macrophages or muscle cells of vertebrate hosts. ametabolous = Without metamorphosis (= changing little in form during
the course of growth and molting). amphipneustic = Only prothoracic and posterior abdominal spiracles
present. anal = Pertaining to the last abdominal segment (which bears
the anus!; the posterior basal part Ifor example, of the wing. anal crossing = Where A branches posteriorly from Cu+A in Odonata. anal cell = A cell in the anal area of the wing; cell 1A of
Diptera. anal area of the wing = The posterior portion of the wing, usually including
the anal veins. anal lobe = A lobe in the posterior basal part of the wing. anal loop = A group of cells in the hind wing of dragonflies
between Cu-2, 1A, and 2A which may be rounded, elongated or foot-shaped. analogy = Similarity in function filling a common need but having
a different evolutionary origin. anamorphosis = Development of an organism in which one or more body
segments are added posteriorly at each molt. anapleurite = The upper and outer of the two incomplete subcoxal
rings that form the thoracic pleurites. anelli = ring-like segments anelliform = ring-like anellus = ring-like sgement anemotaxis = Orientation with respect to currents in the air. anepimeron = The portion of the anapleurite posterior to the pleural
suture. anepisternum = The portion of the anapleurite anterior to the pleural
suture. anisomorphal = A defensive allomone of the walkingstick Anisomorpha. annulate = Ringed; formed in ring-like segments or color patterns. annulated = With ringlike segments or divisions. anteapical = Just proximad of the apex. anteapical cell = A cell in the distal part of the wing of leafhoppers. anteapical = Just proximal of the apex. anteclypeus = An anterior division of the clypeus. antecosta (pl., antecostae) = An internal ridge on the anterior
portion of a tergum or sternum that serves as the site of attachment of the longitudinal muscles. antecostal sclerite = A sclerite of the metasternum, just anterior to the
hind coxae. antecostal suture = An external groove that marks the position of the
internal antecosta. antenna (pl., antennae; adj., antennal) = A paired, segmented sensory
appendage of the head between the compound eyes, which consists of 3 segments
having intrinsic muscles and usually sensory in function. antennal club = The enlarged distal segments of a clubbed antenna. antennal fossa = A cavity or depression in which the antennae are
located. antennal groove = A groove in the head capsule into which the basal
segment of the antenna fits. antennule = The first antennae of Crustacea. antenodal cross veins = Cross veins along the costal border of the wing, between
the base of the wing and the nodus, extending from the costa to the radius
(Odonata). antepenultimate = The 3rd from the last. antepygidial bristle = One or more large bristles on the apical margin of the
7th (next to last) tergum in Siphonaptera. anterior = Front; in front of. antepygidial bristle = One or more large bristles on the apical margin of the
seventh (next to the last) tergum (Siphonaptera). anterior = Front; in front of. anterior cross vein = The r-m cross vein in Diptera. anterodorsal = In the front and at the top or upper side. anteromesal = In the front and along the midline of the body. anteroventral = In the front and underneath or on the lower side. antibiosis = Any deleterious effect on insect survival resulting from
feeding on a resistant host. anus = The posterior opening of the alimentary tract. aorta = A blood-containing tube in insects that extends forward
from the heart and is open anteriorly (nonpulsatile portion of the dorsal blood vessel) =
The anterior nonpulsatile portion of the dorsal blood vessel. apex (pl., apices; adj., apical, apico-) = Part of a structure
most remote from its point of attachment to the body. apical = At the end, tip, or outermost part. apical cell = A cell near the wing tip apical cross vein = A cross vein enar the apex of the wing (Plecoptera,
Homoptera). apodeme = An invagination of the body wall forming a rigid
process that serves for muscle attachment and for the strengthening of the body wall.
apolysis The separation of the epidermis from the cuticle (part of the
process of moltingl = An invagination of the
exoskeleton that serves as a point of muscle attachment. apolysis = Retraction of the epidermal cells from the inner
surface of the endocuticle, the first step in molting. apophysis (pl., apophyses) = A tubercular or elongated process of
the body wall, either external or internal. aposematism = Possession of vivid coloration that identifies an
insect as having distasteful or unpleasant properties. appendix = A supplementary or additional piece or part (eg.,
homopteran wing). appetitive behavior = Searching behavior of variable pattern, seeking an
appropriate stimulus. apposition eye = A type of compound eye occuring in diurnal insects, in
which each ommatidium is surrounded by a shield of pigment. apterous = Wingless apterygote = A wingless insect of a group believed never to have had
wings in its history (primitively wingless hexapod). aquatic = Living in water. arbovirus = A virus that multiples in a blood-sucking arthropod and
is principally transmitted by the bite of arthropods to
vertebrate hosts. (e.g., Yellow Fever virus). arcuate = Bent like a bow, or arched. arculus = A basal cross vein between the radius and the cubitus
in Odonata. areola (pl., areolae; adj., areolate) = In Ichneumonidae, the
median area of the propodeum that is enclosed by ridges. areole An accessory cell
Isee also basal areolel. areolet = In Ichneumonidae, the small cell in the center of the
forewing (submarginal cell opposite the 2nd m-cu cross vein); the
1st radial sector cell. arista = A large bristle, usually dorsally located, on the
apical antennal segment in Diptera. aristate = Bristlelike, with an arista; aristate antenna. arolium (pl., arolia) = A pad-like median lobe between the tarsal
claws (also see pretarsus) = A padlike structure at the apex of the last tarsal segment, between
the claws (Orthoptera); a padlike structure at the base of each tarsal claw (Hemiptera). arrhenotoky = A form of parthenogenesis in which females are produced
from fertilized eggs, males from unfertilized eggs. articulation = A joint as between 2 segments or structures. aspirator = A device with which insects may be picked up by
suction. associative learning = Acquisition of the capacity to associate a stimulus
with a reward (or punishment). asymmetrical = Not alike on the two sides. asynchronous muscle = A rapidly contracting muscle in which the individual
contractions are not initiated by a neuronal impulse (compare synch‑onous
orneurogenic musclel . atrium (pl., atnal) = A
chamber; a chamber just inside a body opening. atrophied = Reduced in size, rudimentary. attenuated = Very slender and gradually tapering distally. auricle = A small lobe or earlike structure (Hymenoptera). autocidal control = The use of insects for self destruction, mostly by
release of sterile individuals. autogenous = In blood-feeding insects, the ability to produce eggs
without taking blood (as some mosquitoes). auxiliary vein = The subcosta (Diptera) axilla (pl., axillae; adj., axillar) = In groups with a
transscutal articulation, posterolateral portion of the mesoscutum separated from the mesoscutum lateral
to the scutellum; usually triangular (also see scutum) = A triangular or rounded sclerite laterad of the
scutellum and usually just caudad of the base of the front wing
(Hymenoptera). axillary cell = A cell in the anal area of the wing (Diptera &
Hymenoptera) axillary sclerite = A small sclerite at the wing base that articulates with
the thorax. axillary sclerites = The small sclerites at the base of the wing that
translate deformations of the thorax into movements. axillula (pl., axillulae; adj., axillular) = In Chalcidoidea, the
lateral subdivision of the scutellum delimited by a longitudinal line. axon = A fiber of a nerve cell that carries nerve impulses
away from the cell body. <B terms> binominal nomenclature = The system of naming organisms with two names, generic
and specific. biological control = The employment of biotic agents, such as predators,
parasitoids, and disease organisms, to control populations of plants and animals. Particularly effective for organisms
invading across geographic areas. band = A transverse marking broader than a line. basal areole = A small cell at the base of the wing; the cell at the
base of the wing between Sc and R (Lepidoptera) basal anal cell = An anal cell near the wing base; a cell at the base of
the wing between IA and 2A (Plecoptera) basal cell = A cell near the base of the wing, bordered at least in
part by the unbranched portions of the longitudinal veins; in the Diptera, one of the two
cells proximad of the anterior cross vein and the discal cell (Diptera). basal vein = A vein in about the middle of the front wing, extending
from the median vein to the subcostal or cubital vein; the first free segment of M
(Hymenoptera). basalare or basalar sclerite = An epipleurite located anterior to the pleural wing
process. base (pl., basal, basi-) = Part of a structure closest to its
point of attachment to the body. basement membrane = A noncellular membrane underlying the epidermal cells
of the body wall. basisternum That part of a
thoracic sternum anterior to the sternacostal suture. basitibial plate = In Apoidea, a small flat, hairless, raised region of
the dorsal surface of the metatibia at its base. beak = The protruding mouthpart structures of a sucking
insect; proboscis. bifid = Forked, or divided into two parts. bilateral symmetry = See symmetry bilobed = Divided into two lobes biotic release = The sudden release of a population from its natural
enemies, often resulting in a population explosion. biotype = A population of a species that differs genetically from
another population with respect to host affiliation (also called "host race"). bipectinate = Having branches on two sides like teeth of a comb. biramous = With two branches; consisting of an endopodite and an
exopodite ICrustaceal. bisexual = With males and females. bituberculate = With two tubercles or swellings. bivalved = With two valves or parts, clamlike. bivoltine = Having two generations per year. blastoderm = The thin cellular layer that surrounds the yolk of an
egg. bombyko = The sex attractant pheromone of the female silkworm
moth. blastoderm = The peripheral cell layer in the insect egg following
cleavage. book gills = The leaflike gills of a horseshoe crab. book lung = A respiratory cavity containing a series of leaflike
folds Ispiders). borrow pit = A pit formed by an excavation, where earth has been
"borrowed" for use elsewhere. boss A smooth lateral prominence at the base of a chelicera
Ispiders). brace vein = A slanting cross vein; in Odonata, a slanting cross
vein just behind the proximal end of the stigma. brachypterous = With short wings that do not cover the abdomen. brain = anterior ganglion of the nervous system, located above
the esophagus; in insects composed of the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum. brain hormone = A chemical messenger produced by neurosecretory cells
in the brain that activates the prothoracic glands to produce ecdysone jalso known as PTTH
or prothoracicotropic hormone). brevicomin = An aggregation pheromone of the bark beetle
dendroctonus ore~icomis. bridge cross vein = A cross vein anterior
to the bridge vein (Odonata). bridge vein = The vein that
appears as the basal part of the radial sector, by M, and the oblique vein
(Odonata). brood = The individuals
that hatch from the eggs laid by one mother; individuals that hatch at about
the same time and normally mature at about the same time.
bucca (pl., buccael) =
A sclerite on the head below the compound eye and iust above the mouth
opening (Diptera) buccal cavity = The opening enclosed by the mouthparts, leading to the
true mouth and the pharynx. buccula (pl, bucculae) =
One of two ridges on the underside of the head, on each side of the beak
(Hemiptera). bulla (pl., bullae) = In Ichneumonidae, unpigmented area of a
vein where it is crossed by a wing fold or line of flexion. bursa copulatrix = A pouch of the female reproductive system that
receives the male genitalia during copulation. A pouch on
the median oviduct of the female that receives the aedeagus of the male. bursicon = The hormone controlling tanning and expansion, produced
by neurosecretory cells of the brain.
A hormone involved in
the process of sclerotization. <C terms> caecum = (pl., caecae) A
saclike or tubelike structure, open at only one end. calamistrum = One or two rows of curved spines on the metatarsus of
the hind legs of spiders. calcaria = Movable spurs at the apex of the tibia. callus (pl., callil) = A
rounded swelling. calypter (pl., calypteres)
= One or two small lobes at the base of the wing, located just above the
haltere (Diptera) (also called squama). camera lucida = A device
enabling one to make accurate drawings of objects seen through a microscope;
when it is attached to the eyepiece of a
microscope; the observer can see the object under the microscope and his or
her drawing paper at the same time. campaniform sensillum = A sense organ consisting of a dome‑shaped
portion of the cuticle with associated sensory neuron; perceives stresses in the cuticle = A
sense organ consisting of a dome‑shaped cuticular area into which the sensory cell process is insertcd
like the clapper of a bell. campestral
= In epidemiology used to describe transmission occurring in fields and open
spaces, such as plague transmission among wild rodents or in woods
& forests. campodeiform larva = A larva shaped like the dipluran Campodea (that is, elongate and flattened), with well‑developed
legs and antennae, and usually active. cantharidin = A defense allomotle of blister beetles (also known as
"Spanish fly"). capitate = With an apical knoblike enlargement; capitate antenna. carapace = A hard dorsal covering consisting of fused dorsal sclerites
(Crustacea) cardo (pl., cardines) =
The basal segment or division of a maxilla; one of two small laterobasal
sclerites in the millipede gnathochilarium. The basal part of the maxilla. carina (pl., carinae; adj. , carinate) = A ridge or raised line. carinate = Ridged or keeled. carnivorous = Feeding on the flesh of other animals. caste = A form or type of adult in a social insect (termites
&ants). catapleurite = The lower and inner of the two incomplete subcoxal
rings that form the thoracic pleurites lalso called the catepleurite, katepleurite, and
coxopleurite. catepimeron = The portion of the catapleurite posterior to the
pleural suture. catepistetnum = The portion of the catapleurite anterior to the pleural
sulcus. caterpillar = An eruciform larva; the larva of a butterfly, moth,
sawfly, or scorpionfly. caudad = Toward the tail, or toward the posterior end of the
body. caudal = Pertaining to the tail or posterior end of the body. caudal filament = A threadlike process at the posterior end of the
abdomen. cell = The area between the veins of a wing; it is closed when
completely surrounded by veins, otherwise it is open. Cell (of the wing) A
thin, membranous area surrounded by veins Cephalothorax
= head + thorax cercus (pl., cerci), An
antennalike sensory appendage arising from the posterior end of the abdomen. cenchrus (pl., cenchri) = In Symphyta, a paired circular, or oval
structure on the sublateral portion of the metascutum. Roughened pad on the metanotum of
sawflies (Symphyta) serving to hold the wings in place when folded over the dorsum. cephalad = Toward the head or anterior end. cephalic = On or attached to the head; anterior. cephalothorax = A body region consisting of head and thoracic segments
(Crustacea and Arachnida). cercus (pl., cerci; adj., cercal) = A paired, posterior, sensory
appendage of the last (morphological 1/10th) abdominal tergum, which usually bears sevgeral setae
= With a reduction of the apical segments of the metasoma, the cerci often seem to be on a more anterior
segment. One of a pair of appendages
at the posterior end of the abdomen. cervical = Pertaining to the neck or cervix. cervical sclerite = A sclerite located in the lateral part of the cervix,
between the head and the prothorax. cervix = The largely membranous neck region of an insect,
between head and thorax. chaetotaxy = The arrangement and nomenclature of the bristles on the
exoskeleton (Diptera). cheek = The lateral part of the head between the compound eye
and the mouth (see genai chela (pl., chelae; adj., chelate) = In Dryinidae, the modified
tarsus in which the apical tarsomere forms a clasping structure with its opposable tarsal claw;
a pincer. chelate = Pincerlike, having two opposable claws. chelicera (pl., chelicerae) = One of the major elements in the
mouthparts of spiders and related arthropods; not jawlike, but in the form of fangs, pincers, or
piercing organs. One of the anterior
pair of appendages in arachnids. cheliped = A leg terminating in an enlarged pincerlike structure
(Crustacea). chemoreceptor = A sensillum capable of detecting chemicals (by
olfaction and/or gustationi. A sense
organ modified for the r eception of chemical
stimuli. chemoreceptor = chemotaxis = Orientarion with respect to a chemical gradient. chitin = A nitrogenous polysaccharide formed primarily of units
of N‑acetyl glucosamine, occurring in the cuticle of arthropods. The
tough, insoluble polysaccharide making up a major part of the insect
procuticle chordotonal organ = A sense organ, the cellular elements of which form an
elongate structure attached at both ends to the
body wall. An elongate sense organ attached to the inner surface of the body
wall and sensitive to stretching and to
vibrations. choriogenesis = Formation of the shell (chorion) of the egg. chorion = The outer shell of an arthropod egg. chrysalis (pl., chrysalids or chrysalides) = The pupa of a butterfly. cibarium = A preoral cavity enclosed by the labrum anterior, the
hypopharynx or labium posteriorly, and the mandibles and maxillae laterally. circadian rhythm = An endogenous rhythm involving a response at about 24‑hour
intervals . circulatory virus = A virus that circulates within the body of an insect
before being introduced into a new host. cleptoparasite = A "thief parasite," one that consumes the food
stored by another insect in a nest. climatic release = Release of climatic restraints, such as a period of
favorable weather or entry into a favorable region, resulting in population increase. clypeus = A sclerite on the front of the head, above the labrum. coevolution = An evolutionary change in a trait of individuals of one
population in response to a trait of individuals of a second population, followed by an
evolutionary response of the second population to a change in the first. colleterial gland = An accessory gland of the female that produces the
ootheca. commensal = Animals living together or in closs association. communication = The production of a signal by an individual that
influences the behavior of another individual and that is mutually beneficial. companionate planting = The intercropping of certain repellent plants with crop
plants. circumesophageal connective = A nerve connecting the tritocerebral lobes of the
brain with the subesophageal ganglion. class = A subdivision of a phylum or subphylum, containing a
group of related orders. claval lobe = The posterior portion of a wing behind the claval fold
and in front of the jugal fold, when present (also see jugal lobe). claval fold = The furrow on the forewing jsut anterior to, and
aprallel with, vein 1A, and extending to the claval notch on the wing margin. claval suture = The suture of the front wing separating the clavus from
the corium (Hemiptera). claval vein = A vein in the clavus (Hemiptera, Homoptera). clavate = Clublike, or enlarged at the tip; clavate antennae. clavus = The oblong or triangular anal portion of the front wing
(Hemiptera and Homoptera) claw tuft = A dense tuft of hairs below the claws (spiders) cleft = Split or forked. cleptoparasite = A parasite that feeds on food stored for the host
larvae. closed cell = A wing cell bounded on all sides by veins. closed coxal cavity = One bounded posteriorly by a sclerite of the same
thoracic segment of front coxal cavities, (Co leoptera) or one completely surrounded
by sternal sclerites and not touched by any pleural sclerites of middle coxal cavities (Coleoptera). club = The enlarged apical flagellar segment or segments of an
antenna (also see funicle). clubbed = With the distal part ior segmentsl enlarged; clubbed
antennae. clypeus (adj. clypeal) = The medial sclerite of the head
immediately above the labrum; often defined dorsally and laterally by the epistomal groove = A sclerite
on the lower part of the face, between the frons and the labium. coarctate larva = A larva somewhat similar to a dipterous puparium, in
which the skin of the preceding instar is not completely shed but remains attached to
the caudal end of the body; the sixth instar of a blister beetle, also called a pseudopupa. coarctate pupa = A pupa enclosed in a hardened shell formed by the last
larval skin (Diptera). cocoon = A silken case inside which the pupa is formed. collophore = A tubelike structure located on the ventral side of the
first abdominal segment of Collembola. collum = The tergite of the first segment (Diplopoda). colon = The large intestine; that part of the hindgut between
the ileum and the rectum. colulus = A slender pointed structure Iying just anterior to the
spinnerets (spiders1 commensalism = A living together of two or more species, none of which
is injured thereby and at least one of which is benefited. commissure = A structure (trachea or nervel that connects the left
and right sides of a segment. common oviduct = The median tube of the female internal genitalia
leading from the lateral oviducts to the gonopore. competitive exclusion principle = The concept that two species cannot long coexist if they
have identical niches. complete metamorphosis = Striking changes between larva and adult, with an
intervening pupal stage. conditioning = See Associative
learning. contest competition = Competition involving aggressive interactions between individuals. coprophagous = Feeding on fecal material. cornicle = One of a pair of tubelike processes on the abdomen of
aphids, secretes an allomone and an alarm pheromone. cornicles = dorsal tubular
structures on posterior abdomen corpus allatum (pl., corpora
allata) = A small endocrine gland situated behind the brain, the source
of juvenile hormone. corpus cardiacum (pl., corpora
cardiaca) = A small organ of nervous origin just behind the brain,
associated with storage and release of PTTH and other
hormones. corpus pedunculatum (pl., corpora pedunculata) See Mushroom body. compound eye = An eye composed of many individual elements or
ommatidia, each of which is represented externally by a facet; the external surface of
such an eye consists of circular facets that are very close together or of
facets that are in contact and more or less
hexagonal in shape. compressed = Flattened from side to side (higher than wide). concave = Pertaining to a linear structure, margin, or surface that
is curved inward (cf. convex). concave vein = A vein protruding from the lower surface of the wing. condyle = A knoblike process forming an articulation. connate = Fused together or immovably united. connective = A structure (such as a trachea or nervel that runs from
one segment to another. constricted = Narrowed. contaminative = Infection or transmission is contaminative when the
pathogenic organism gains entrance by way of abrasions, by fecal
wastes deposited on the skin, etc. contiguous = Touching each other. convergent = Becoming closer distally. convex vein = A vein protruding from the upper surface of the
wing. convex = Pertaining to a linear structure, margin, or surface
that is curved outward (cf. concave). corbicula (pl., corbiculae) =
In Apiformes, the concave, smooth region of the metatibia that is
margined by a fringe of setae arising
from the margins; it forms a pollen basket = A smooth area on the outer
surface of the hind tibia, bordered on
each side by a fringe of long curved hairs, which serves as a pollen basket
(beesl) corium = The elongate,
usually thickened, basal portion of the front wing (Hemiptera). cornea = The cuticular
part of an eye. cornicle = One of a pair of
dorsal tubular structures on the posterior part of the abdomen (aphids). corniculi (sing., corniculus) = See urogomphi. coronal suture = A longitudinal suture along the midline of the vertex,
between the compound eyes. corpus allatum (pl., corpora
allata) = One of a pair of small structures immediately behind the brain,
involved in secretion of juvenile hormone. costa = A longitudinal wing vein usually forming the anterior
margin of the wing; a sclerotized ridge in the cuticle. costal area = The portion of the wing immediately behind the anterior
margin. costal cell = The wing space between the costa and the subcosta. costal break = A point on the costa where the sclerotization is weak
or lacking or the vein appears to be broken (Diptera) costal notch = The excision of the wing margin between the apex of the
costal vein and the base of the stigma. coxa (pl., coxae; adj., coxal) = The first segment of a leg,
between the body and the trochanter = The basal segment of the leg = The most basal segment of the
insect leg, articulating with the thorax. coxopleurite = See catapleurite. coxopodite = The basal segment of an arthropod appendage. coxosternum = A sclerite representing the fusion of the sternum and
the coxopodites of a segment. crawler = The active first instar of a scale insect. cremaster = A spinelike or hooked process at the posterior end of
the pupa, often used for attachment (Lepidoptera). crenulate = Wavy, or with small scallops. cribellum = A sievelike
structure Iying just anterior to the spinnerets (spiders). crochets (pronounced croshays) = Hooked spines at the tip of the prolegs of lepidopterous
larvae. crop = An expansible part of the foregut that holds food until
it can be passed into the midgut = The dilated posterior portion of the foregut, just behind the
esophagus. crypsis = Close resemblance of an animal to its physical or
biotic background (also called protective coloration). cross vein = A vein connecting adjacent longitudinal veins. cruciate = Crossing; shaped cryptonephridia = Malpighian tubules that are closely associated with
the hind gut and surrounded by a membrane, thus separating this complex from the rest
of the hemocoel. ctenidium (pl., ctenidia) =
A row of stout bristles like the teeth of a comb. cubito‑anal cross vein = A cross vein
between the cubitus and an anal vein. cubitus = The longitudinal vein immediately posterior to the
media. cultural control = Modification of the environment‑‑for example,
by tillage‑‑to make it less attractive to pests. cuneus = Trriangular apical part of thickened
portion of wing cuticle = The noncellular outer portion of the integument. cuticulin = The tough, insoluble substance making up the outer
surface of the epicuticle, containing cross‑linked lipid and protein molecules. cytoform
(or -type) = A cytologically defined population with a distinctive
chromosomal complement. cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) = A virus that develops in the cytoplasm of host
cells, chiefly in the midgut. <D terms> Darwinian fitness = differential reproduction, in terms of the number of
genes an individual passes to the next generation. definitive host
= Host in which parasites reach maturity.
it occurs in arthropod vectors but also in malaria parasites. depressed = Flattened from top to bottom (wider than high). density‑dependent factor = A factor that causes a level of mortality that varies
with the number of individuals in the population. deutocerebrum = The middle section of the brain, which innervates the
antennae. diapause = A state of arrested behavior, growth, and development
that occurs at one stage in the life cycle. dichoptic = A condition of the head in adult
Diptera in which the eyes are widely separated from each other. diel periodicity = Periodicity that occurs
about every 24-hours. digitus = Pad-like lobe of male genitalia direct pest = A pest insect that attacks a part of a plant that is harvested,
as contrasted to an indirect pest. distal = Referring to the part of an appendage that is farthest
from the body. diurnal = Refers to activity during the daylight hours, such as
blood-feeding simulids. dorsal = Referring to the upper surface (back) of an animal. dorsal diaphragm = A muscular shcet underlying the heart which assists in
the flow of blood. dorsal longitudinal muscles = Muscles running longitudinally, dorsally in insect
segments, in the thorax powering the downstroke of the wings of most
insects. dorsoventral muscles = Muscles inserting on the dorsum of the thorax and
originating ventrally, powering the upstroke of the wings of most insects. dorsum = The upper surface (back) of an animal . Dufour's gland = An exocrine gland on the ventral, posterior part of the
abdomen of female Hymenoptera, the source of pheromones serving diverse
functions. disc (adj., discal) = The central surface of any structure. dorsal diaphragm = An incomplete wall of muscle separating the area
around the dorsal blood vessel (the pericardial sinus) from the rest of the hemocoel. dorsocentral bristles = A longitudinal row of bristles on the mesonotum, just
laterad of the acrostichal bristles (Diptera). dorsolateral = At the top and
to the side. dorsomesal = At the top and along the midline. dorsoscutellar bristles = A pair of bristles on the dorsal portion of the
scutellum, one on each side of the midline (Diptera). dorsoventral = From top to bottom, or from the upper to the lower
side. dorsum = The back or top (dorsal) side. Dyar's rule = The increase in width of the larval head capsule by a
factor of 1.2‑1.4 from one molt to the next. <E terms> ecdysis = Splitting and casting off of the old cuticle, the major
event in molting. ecdysone = A molting hormone, secreted by the prothoracic glands. eclosion = Hatching of the egg, or emergence of the adult insect
at the terminal molt. ecological homolog = One of two or more species having most niche
parameters in common . economic injury level (EIL) = The level of damage to a crop that is equal in
value to the cost of suppressive measures. economic threshold (ET) = The level of damage by a pest that serves to wam
the agriculturalist of impending problems. ecosystem = A biological community considered in relation to its
physical environment. egg‑development neurosecretory
hormone (EdNH) = A
product of the brain neurosecretory cells that stimulates vitellogenesis in the female mosquito. ejaculatory duct = A median duct that carries the sperm from the intemal
reproductive system to the exterior. elytra = Thickened front
wings (eg = , Coleoptera) elytron (pl., elytra) =
The hardened front wing of a beetle. emarginate = Notched; with an obtuse, rounded, or quadrate section
cut out of a margin. encapsulation = The enclosure of a parasitoid larva within the blood of
the host by a layer of hemocytes. endemic = Describes a disease in a human population that is
constantly present and quite stable.
Also the evolutionary origin of
an organism. endocrine gland = A gland that discharges its products (hormones) to the
inside (as contrasted to an exocrine gland). endocuticle = The inner zone of the procuticle, softer and lighter in
color than the exocuticle. endogenous activity = Nervous discharges that arise spontaneously, in the
absence of stimulation. endodterygote = An insect that develops through the immature stages as
a larva with wings retained internally as imaginal. endodont mandible = A mandible with the teeth facing inward so that when
the mandibles are closed their tips point toward each other's base (cf.,
exodont). endophagic
= Describes insects, such as mosquitoes, that enter houses to feed on blood. endophilic
= Describes insects, such as some mosquitoes, that rest in houses before or
aftr feeding on blood in houses or outdoors. entomophagous = Feeding on insects. entomopox virus = A virus that multiplies in the cell cytoplasm of fat
body and blood cells in a variety of insects. epicuticle = The outer zone of the insect cuticle, rich in lipid
and protein and lacking chitin. epidemic = Occurrence of a disease in the human population where
the number of cases exceeds the normal expected number. epidermis = The single outer cell layer of the body, which secretes
the cuticle. epimorphosis = A type of development in which the insect emerges from
the egg with its full complement of body segments (opposite of anamorphosis). epimastigote = Morphological form of a trypanosome with the flagellum
emerging about halfway in the body but remaining
attached to the cell membrane. equilibrium position (EP) = In insect bioeconomics, the average density of a
potential pest on a specific crop. esophagus = A tubular portion of the foregut, behind the pharynx. epicnemial carina = The ridge on the mesopleuron that somewhat parallels
the anterior margin of the mesepisternum and that delineates the posterior margin of
the epicnemium. epicnemium (adj., epicnemial) = The anterior portion of the
mesopleuron delimited posteriorly by the epicnemial carina (also see prepectus). epimeron (pl., epimera; adj., epimeral) = The portion of a pleuron
posterior to the pleural groove (cf. episternum). epipygium = In Chalcidoidea, a small, somewhat sclerotized,
fingernail-like flap attached to the last metasomal tergum between the cerci. episternal groove = A groove on the mesopleuron, extending ventrally from a
pit under the base of the forewing and, when complete, reaching the
anteroventral margin of the mesothorax. episternum (pl., episterna; adj., episternal) = The portion of a
pleuron anterior to the pleural groove (cf. epimeron). epistomal groove = A groove defining the lateral and dorsal margin of the
clypeus. epomia (pl., epomiae) = In Ichneumonoidea, an oblique ridge
crossing the transverse furrow on the side of the pronotum. eusociality = A type of social behavior involving overlap of
generations, cooperative brood care, and a caste system in which many colony members are sterile. exocrine gland = A gland that discharges its products to the outside (as
contrasted to an endocrine gland). exocuticle = The outer portion of the procuticle, generally harder
and darker than the inner portion (endocuticle). exodont = Extended
outwards exodont mandible = A mandible with the teeth facing outward so that when
the mandibles are closed their tips point anteriorly or away from each other (cf.
endodont). exophagic
= Term applied to insects that feed on blood outdoors (e.g., Aedes aegypti
& Simuliidae). exopterygote = An insect that retains its wing pads externally through
its immature stages. exoskeleton = A skeleton extemal to the remainder of the body, the
muscles attaching to its inner surface. extrinsic = Having its origin outside the limits of an organ with which
it is associated. <F terms> face (adj., facial) = In Parasitica, the anterior surface of
the head between the eyes from the ventral margin of the toruli to the oral cavity, excluding the
clypeus; in Symphyta and Aculeata, anterior surface of the head between the eyes from the ocelli to the oral
cavity, including the clypeus. face = The front of the head, below the frontal suture (Diptera). facet = The external surface of an individual compound‑eye
unit or ommatidium. falx An interantennal suture with internal sclerotized
margins connecting the upper ends of the antennal fossae ISiphonaptera). facial fovea = In Apoidea, a depressed, often finely densely pubescent
area along the inner orbit of a compound eye. family = A subdivision of an order, suborder, or superfamily,
containing a group of related genera, tribes, or subfamilies. Family names of animals end in
"idae". farnesene = An alarm pheromone of aphids, secreted from the
cornicles. fat body = Accumulation of large cells in the hemocoel that store
metabolites and are centers of intermediary metabolism. femur (pl., femora) =
The third segment of the insect leg, beyond the trochanter and before the
tibia. fibril = The contractile unit of a muscle cell (fiber). filter chamber = A modification of the gut of many Homoptera (such as
aphids), permitting much water and some carbohydrates to bypass the midgut. filter feeder = An insect that seines particles from water by means of
brushes or webs. fixed action pattern = A segment of behavior performed in a stereotyped,
species‑specific manner. flagellum = The outermost part of the antenna, beyond the scape
and pedicel, usually divided into many subsegments (flagellomeres). follicle = A tubule of the testis in which sperm are produced. foulbrood = A bacterial disease of honey bee larvae and pupae. founder effect = Speciation resulting from the establishment of a small
population in an entirely new area and the subsequent divergence of the resulting
population from the parent stock. frontalin = A sex attractant pheromone of male bark beetles. fastigium = The anterior dorsal surface of the vertex (grasshoppers).
fat body An amorphous organ involved in intermediate metabolism, storage, and storage
excretion. feces (or faeces) = Excrement, the material passed from the
alimentary tract through the anus. felt line = In Mutillidae adn Bradynobaenidae, a longitudinal line
of flattened setae and secretory pores laterally on metasomal tergum 2.; narrow longitudinal band of relatively
dense, closely appressed hairs of Mutillidae). femur (pl., femora; adj., femoral) = The 3rd segment of a leg,
between the trochanter and tibia. fibula = A more or less triangular jugal lobe in the front wing
that serves as a means of uniting the front and hind wings (Lepidoptera) filament = A slender threadlike structure. file A filelike ridge
on the ventral side of the tegmen, near the base; a part of the stridulating mechanism in crickets and long‑horned
grasshoppers. filiform = Hairlike or threadlike, filiform antenna. filter chamber = A modification of the alimentary canal in Homoptera in
which the anterior portion of the midgut is closely associated with the hindgut. flabellate = With fanlike processes or projections; flabellate
antenna. flabellum (pl., flabella) = A fanlike or leaflike process
(Hymenoptera. In Apiformes, a small thin plate of the apex of the glossa. flagellomere = A segment-like subdivision of the flagellum; it is
numbered consecutively from the base of the flagellum. One of the subsegments of the flagellum. flagellum (pl., flagella; adj., flagellar) = The 3rd primary
division or segment of the antenna; it articulates with the pedicel basally and almost always is subdivided
into segments (= flagellomeres) = A whiplike structure that part of the antenna beyond the second
segment. flexor muscle = A muscle that decreases the angle between two segments
of an appendage. foliaceous = Leaflike. follicle = A minute cavity, sac, or tube. follicular epithelium = Layer of epithelial cells surrounding the oocyte. fontanelle = A small, depressed, pale spot on the front of the head
between the eyes (lsoptera). foramen (pl., foramina) = A hole in the body wall through which
vessels or nerves pass = The foramen magnum is the central hole in the back of the head;
the propodeal foramen is the hole in the posterior area of the propodeum. foramen magnum = The opening on the posterior side of the head, through
which pass the internal structures that extend from the head to the thorax; also
occipital foramen. foregut = The anterior portion of the alimentary tract, from the
mouth to the midgut. fossorial = Fitted for or with the habit of digging. frass Plant
fragments made by a wood‑boring insect, usually mixed with excrement. frenulum = A bristle or group of bristles arising at the humeral
angle of the hind wing Lepidoptera). frenum (pl., frena; adj., frenal) = In Chalcidoidea, the
transverse line on the scutellum that delineates a posterior portion of the scutellum, the frenal area. frons = The area of the head bvetween the ventral margin of the
toruli and the anterior margin of the median ocellus (this is not equivalent to the true frons of
larvae). The head sclerite bounded by
the frontal lor frontogenali and epistomal sulci and including the
median ocellus. front = That portion of the head between the antennae, eyes,
and ocelli; the frons. frontal bristles = Bristles above the antennae, away from the edge of the
compound eye (Diptera). frontal carina = A longitudinal ridge or pair of ridges on the frons
between (and sometimes partly covering) the toruli. frontal lunule = A small crescent‑shaped sclerite located just
above the base of the antennae and below the frontal suture (Diptera). frontal suture = One of two sutures arising at the anterior end of the
coronal suture and extending ventrad toward the epistomal sulcus; a suture shaped like
an inverted U, with the base of the U crossing the face above the bases of the antennae and the arms of the U extending
downward on each side of the face (Diptera; actually a ptilinal suture). frontal vitta = An area on the head between the antennae and the ocelli
(Diptera). fronto‑orbital bristles = Bristles on the front next to the compound eyes
(Diptera). frontogenal suture = (or sulcusi) A more or less vertical suture on the
front of the head, between the frons and the gena. funicle (adj., funicular) = A group of flagellomeres between the
pedicel and the club. funiculus (or funicle) =
The antennal segments between the scape and the club ICole6pteral, or between
the pedicel and club in
Hymen6pteral. furca = A fork or forked structure; a forked apodeme arising
from a thoracic sternum. furcula = The forked springing apparatus of the Collembola. <G terms> galea (pl., galeae) = The outer apical lobe of the maxilla that
articulates basally with the stipes.
An apical lobe of the maxilla of
an insect, borne by the stipes. gall = An abnormal growth on a plant, produced by stimulation
of an insect or other organism and housing that organism. ganglion (pl., ganglia)
= A mass of nervous tissue, the basic anatomical unit of the central nervous
system. gastric caecum (pl., caeca) = A
fingerlike, anterior extension of the midgut that sen~es a function in food
absorption. genitalia = Structures associated w ith the release of sperm or
eggs. gall = An abnormal growth of plant tissues, caused by the
stimulus of an animal or another plant. ganglion (pl., ganglia) = A knotlike enlargement of a
nerve, containing a coordinating mass of nerve cells. gaster = The rounded part of the abdomen posterior to the
nodelike segment or segments IHymen6ptera Ap6crital . gastric caecum = Caecum located
at the anterior portion of the midgut. gastrocoelus-thyridium (pl. gastrocoeli) = In Ichneumonidae, the usually
transverse impression anterolaterally on metasomal tergum 2 = The gastrocoelus includes
the thyridium, which is the surface area with specialized sculpture, while the gastrocoelus is
the impression iteself.galea (pl., galeae) = The outer apical lobe of the maxilla, articulated basally with the
stipes. gena (pl., genae; adj., genal) = The cheek; the lateral part
of the head between the compound eye and, when present, the occipital carina; otherwise, the
lower (in hypognathous head) or anterior (in prognathous head) part of the back of the head between the compound
eye and the occiput = The part of the head on each side below and behind the compound eyes, between the
frontal and occipital sulci. genal comb = A row of strong spines borne on the anteroventral
border of the head (Siphonaptera). gneration = From any given stage in the life cycle to the same
stage in the offspring. geniculate = Elbowed, or abruptly bent; geniculate antenna. genital chamber = See bursa
copulatnx. genitalia = The sexual organs and associated structures; the
external sexual organs. genovertical plate = An area on the head above the antenna and next to the
compound eye (Diptera; also called orbital plate). genus (pl., genera) = A group of closely related species; the
first name in a binomial or trinomial scientific name. Names of genera are latinized, capitalized,
and when printed are italicized. germ band = A thickening of the klastoderm that produces the
embryo. germarium = An area at the tip of the sperm follicles or ovarioles
where sperm or egg formation is initiated = Apical portion of the ovariole or sperm follicle. giant axon = A large‑diameter axon of an interneuron that
traverses several body segments and conducts messages quickly. glial cell = A cell surrounding the axon of a neuron. gill = Evagination of the body wall or hindgut, functioning in
gaseous exchanges in an aquatic animal. gonopore = The external opening of the reproductive tract. granulosis virus (GV) = A virus that multi plies in both the nucleus and
cytoplasm of host cells, usually in the fat body. glabrous = Smooth, without hairs. globose, globular = Spherical or nearly so. glossa (pl., glossae) = The paired, fused, median lobe of the
labium articulated basally with the prementum. One of a pair
of lobes
at the apex of the labium between the paraglossae (in bees). glymma (pl., glymmae) = In Ichneumonidae, the paired groove or
pit on the side of metasomal segment 1 between its base and the spiracle; it is nearly always
present when sternum 1 is free from tergum 1 but absent when tergum 1 and sternum 1 are fused. gnathochilarium = A platelike mouthpart structure in the Diplopoda,
representing the fused maxillae and labium. gonangulum = A sclerite of the female external genitalia derived
from the second gonocoxa, connecting the second gonocoxa, ninth tergum, and first
gonapophysis. gonapophysis (pl., gonapophyses) = A mesal posterior process
of a gonopod, in the female forming the ovipositor; first or second valvula. gonocoxa = A modified coxa that forms a part of the external
genitalia ( = valviferi). gonoplacs = Lateral sheaths enveloping the ovipositor in pterygotes
( = third valvulael). gonopod = A modified leg that forms a part of the external genitalia.
gonopore = The external opening of the reproductive organs. gonostylus = Stylus of a genital segment labdominal segment 8 or
91. gonotrophic cycle
= Time from first blood-feeding to oviposition and subsequently between successive
ovipositions. Also referred to as "The
Ovarian Cycle." gregarious = Living in groups. grub = A scarabaeiform larva; a thick‑bodied larva with
a well‑developed head and thoracic legs, without abdominal prolegs, and usually sluggish. groove = A linear impression on a sclerite (also see suture). gula = A sclerite on the ventral side of the head between the
labium and the foramen magnum. gular sutures = Longitudinal sutures, one on each side of the gula. gustation = Taste detection of chemicals in liquid. gynandromorph = An abnormal individual containing structure
characteristics of both sexes (usually male on one side and female on the other) <H terms> habitat = The physsical environment where an animal lives (e.g., for
entomology it is the skin of scabies mites, streams for
simuliid larvae and animal nests for ixodid ticks and other animals. habituation = Leatning not to respond to a stimulus that provides no
reward or punishment . haemocoel = The main body cavity of arthropods where insect blood
(the haemolymph) circulates. hair pencils = Tufts of fine setae serving to dust pheromone‑coated
particles onto a memher of the opposite sex. haltere (pl, halteres) =
A small knobbed structure on each side of the metathorax, formed from a
modified hind wing Diptera). (A
modified hind wing of a fly (Diptera), acting to maintain flight stability. haplodiploidy = A type of parthenogenesis in which males are produced
from unfertilized eggs and are therefore haploid, while the females are diploid. hamuli (Sing., hamulusl) = Minute hooks; a series of minute hooks on the anterior
margin of the hind wing, with which the front and hind wings are attached
together lHymenopterai . haustellate = Formed for sucking, the mandibles not fitted for
chewing (or absent). haustellum = A part of the beak (Diptera). head = The anterior body region, which bears the eyes, antennae,
and mouthparts. The principal anterior division of the body; it
bears the mouthparts and antennae. heart = A muscular tube extending dorsally and longitudinally
through the insect abdomen, continuous with the aorta, serving in circulation of blood = The posterior
pulsatile portion of the dorsal blood vessel
hematophagous = Feeding on blood. hemelytron (pl., hemelytra) = The forewing of an insect that is
sclerotized basally but membranous apically (literally, half an elytron; applied chiefly to Hemiptera). hemimetabolous = Having incomplete or simple metamorphosis, that is,
showing gradual change from molt to molt, with externally developing wing pads.
(Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera), with nymphs aquatic. hemocoel = The blood‑filled body cavity or arthopods. hemocyte = A blood cell = hemocytes = Blood cells. hemolymph = The "blood" of insects, combining functions
of the lymph and blood of vertebrates (other than respiration). The blood of arthropods. herbivorous = Feeding on plants. hermaphroditic = Possessing both male and female sex organs. hereditary transmission
= Involves a female vector passing disease organisms to her eggs and
therefore to the next generation. hertz = Cycles per second (Hz). heterodynamic life cycle = A life cycle in which there is a period of dormancy. heterogamy = Alternation of bisexual with parthenogenetic
reproduction. heteromerous = The three pairs of tarsi differing in the number of
segments lColeoptera, for example, with a tarsal formula of 5‑5‑41. hibernation = Dormancy during the winter. Also, a period of inactivity and/or altered behavior caused by
cold weather. hindgut = The posterior portion of the alimentary tract, between
the midgut and the anus. holarctic
= The two, Palaearctic and Nearctic regions combined. holocrine secretion = Release of enzymes by disruption of the entire cell. holometabolous = Having complete metamorphosis, passing through egg,
larval, pupal, and adult stages. homeostasis = Maintenance of a functionally steady state in the body,
in the colony of social insects, or in an ecos~stem. holoptic = The eyes contiguous above (Dipterai). Usually for adult Diptera wehree eyes meet
or almost meet each other. homodynamic lile cycle = A life cycle in which there is continuous development,
without a period of dormancy. homology = Similarity in structure resulting from having had a
common evolutionary origin. honeydew = The liquid excretions of sucking insects (Homoptera), consisting
largely of water and sugars. hormone = An intemal chemical signalproluced by an endocrine
gland and carried to the tissues by the hemolymph. horns = Found around
antennae in Chalcididae host preference = The preferred
hosts (e.g., species, sex, age) of an arthropod in an area where a choice
exists. host race = A population of a species that shows a genetically
determined preference for a particular host plant or animal species. hydrostatic skeleton = Maintenance of body form by the pressure exerted by
muscles on a fluid‑filled body cavity, most important in soft‑bodied larvae. hypermetamorphosis = A type of development in which there are two or more
quite distinct larval forms sequentially. hyperparasitoid = An insect that is a parasitoid of a parasitoid. hypopharynx = A tonguelike structure in the buccal cavity, associated
with the labium. homonym = One and the same name for two or more different things
(taxa) honeydew = Liquid discharged from the anus of certain Homoptera. hornworm = A caterpillar (larva of Sphingidae) with a dorsal
spine or horn on the last abdominal segment. horny = Thickened or hardened. host = The organism in or on which a parasite lives; the plant
on which an insect feeds. humeral = Pertaining to the shoulder; located in the anterior
basal portion of the wing. humeral angle = The basal anterior angle or portion of the wing. humeral bristles = The bristles on the humeral callus (Diptera). humeral callus = One of the anterior lateral angles of the thoracic
notum, usually more or less rounded (Diptera). humeral cross vein = A cross vein in the humeral portion of the wing,
between the costa and subcosta. humeral plate = The anterior sclerite of the wing at the base of vein
C. humeral suture = The mesopleural suture (Odonata). humeral vein = A branch of the subcosta that serves to strengthen the
humeral angle of the wing (Neuroptera, Lepidoptera) humerus (pl., humeri)
= The shoulder; the posterolateral angles of the pronotum (Hemiptera1 humulus (pl., hamuli) = One of a series of small bristle-like
hook on the anterior martin of the hind wing; in some groups there may be a basal and an apical
series of hamuli. hyaline = Like glass, transparent, colorless. hypermetamorphosis = A type of complete metamorphosis in which the different
larval instars represent two or more different types of larvae. hyperparasite = A parasite whose host is another parasite. hypodermis = See epidermis. hypognathous = With the head somewhat at a right angle to the plane of
the body (vertical), so the mouthparts are directed ventrally (cf. prognathous). hypopharynx = A median mouthpart structure anterior to the labium;
the ducts from the salivary glands are usually associated with the hypopharynx, and in
some sucking insects the hypopharynx is the mouthpart structure containing the salivary channel. hypopleural bristles = A more or less vertical row of bristles on the
hypopleuron, usually directly above the hind coxac (Diptera). hypopleuron (pl, hypopleura) = The lower part of the
mesepimeron; a sclerite on the thorax located just above the hind coxae (Diptera). hypopygium (adj., hypopygial) = The last visible sternum of the
abdomen. hypostigmatic cell = The cell immediately behind the point of fusion of Sc
and R (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontoidea). hypostomal bridge = The sclerotized posterior part of the head that
sometimes separates the foramen magnum from the oral cavity (the bridge may sometimes be
formed by the median fusion of the postgena or gena and is then called
the postgenal or genal bridge) = Mesal extension of the hypostomae on each
side to meet below the
foramen magnum. hypostomal carina = The ridge on the back of the head along the oral cavity
that normally delimits the hypostoma from the postgena and occiput. Hz
Hertz = (cycles per second). <I terms> ileum = The anterior part of the hindgut, preceding the
rectum. imaginal disc = A group of cells set aside in the embryo and maintained
through the larval stage as a center of development of adult structures . imago = The terminal instar, or adult. inclusion body = A protein crystal that encloses an insect virus. inclusive fitness = Net genetic representation of an individual in
succeeding generations, through personal reproduction and that of individuals bearing
identical genes. incomplete metamorphosis = Slight changes from molt to molt until wings and genitalia
are fully formed in the adult. indirect pest = A pest insect that feeds on a part of the plant that is
not marketed. infected = Applied to arthrops where a parasitic infection has
been taken up by the vector but is not yet in a stage where it can be transmitted to a host. ingestive = Term applies when parasites are obtained at the time of
feeding, the infective stage being gested through the
mouth. inoculative = Term applied when invasion of an organism takes place
through the act of biting, the organism being
inoculated during the feeding process. insect growth regulator (IGR) = A substance produced by a plant that mimics or
antagonizes an insect hormone. insight learning = The ability to combine leamed behavior from diverse
experiences to solve a problem. instar = The stage of an insect's development between
molts. Also, one of a series of
life-cycle stages in metamorphosis that are
separated by a molt. instinct = Behavior performed without previous experience and
without interaction with other members of the species. integrated pest management (IPM) = An approach to the control of pests (insects,
diseases, weeds) in which all available techniques are evaluated and
integrated into a unified program (very difficult to administer). integument = The cellular epidermis and outher non-cellular cuticle
which together provide the outer covering of arthropods.
(Also:
"Exoskeleton.") interference competition = Competition in which individuals are prevented from
feeding, mating, or laying eggs as a result of the presence of other individuals. intermediate host = A host in which a parasite does not reach sexual
maturity. Applies to most parasites
in arthropod vectors. Intermediate Host Reservoir = Hosts in
which a natural supply of the sexual stage of a parasite occurs interneuron = A nerve cell located within the central nervous system
and serving to connect other neurons. intersexual selection = Natural selection involving choices between the sexes,
often on the basis of courtship displays. intrasexual selection = Natural selection involving competition among members
of one sex of a species, usually for mates. intrinsic = Located entirely within an organ (as contrasted to
extrinsic). intrinsic incubation period = Duration of the life cycle of a parasite in the
vertebrate host; interval between infection and first
clinical symptoms ipsenol = An aggregation pheromone of bark beetles of the genus Ips. <J terms> Johnston's organ = A sense organ similar to a chordotonal organ, located
in the second antennal segment of most insects; this organ functions in sound perception
in some Diptera. joint An articulation of two successive segments or parts = An organ in the pedicel of the
antenna, consisting of a cluster of chordotonal sensilla. jugal lobe = A lobe at the base of the wing, on the posterior side,
proximad of the vannal lobe (Hymenoptera).
The posterior area of the wing behind vein
1A and set off from more anterior areas by a slight fold (jugal fold) on the wing and by a notch on the wing
margin (also see claval lobe). jugal vein = The most posterior of the major longitudinal vein
systems according to Kukalova‑Peck. jugum A lobelike process at the base of the front wing,
which overlaps the hind wing (Lepidoptera); a sclerite in the head (Hemiptera and Homoptera). juvabione = An insect growth regulator occurring in certain trees
and causing abnormal development of insects feeding on the tree. juvenile hormone (JH) = A hormone secreted by the corpora allata that
maintains juvenile features in immature insects and controls certain aspects of adult
physiology and behavior. <K terms> kairomone = An interspecific chemical messenger that benefits the
receiver but not the emitter. karyotype
= The number and appearance of the chromosomes in the nuclei of a species. katepleurite = See catapleunte. keeled
With an elevated ridge or carina. kHz (Kilohertz) =
kilocycles per second. kin selection = Natural selection that involves inclusive fitness. kinesis . An undirected movement in which the speed of movement or
the frequency of tuming depends on the intensity of stimulation. K‑strategist = A species characterized by a low reproductive rate,
increased survival mechanisms, minor tendency to disperse, and often a relatively large
body size (as compared to an r‑strategist). <L terms> labellum (pl. labellae) = The expanded tip of the labium IDiptera;
Iabial or pertaining to the labium. Iabial gland = Exocrine organ opening on or at the base of the labium,
usually functioning as salivary or silk gland. Iabial suture = The suture on the labium between the postmentum and
prementum. Iabial palp = One of a pair of small feelerlike structures arising
from the labium. labium = One of the mouthpart structures, the lower lip. Iabrum = The upper lip, Iying just below the clypeus. Iabrum‑epipharynx = A mouthpart representing the labrum and epipharynx. Iacinia (pl., laciniael)
= The inner lobe of the maxilla, borne by the stipes. Iamella = (pl., lamellae) A leaflike plate. Iamellate = With platelike structures or segments; lamellate
antennae. Iamina = In the cuticle, a layer of cuticle with chitin microfibrils
oriented in the same direction. Iamina lingualis (pl., laminae linguales) = One of two median
distal plates in the millipede gnathochilarium. Ianceolate = Spear‑shaped, tapering at each end. lanule = Crescent-shaped sclerite above base of
antennae Iarva (pl., larvae) = The immature stage, between
egg and pupa, of an insect having complete metamorphosis; the six‑legged first instar of Acari;
an immature stage differing radically from the adult. Iarviform = Shaped like a larva. larviparous = Reproduction in which the egg or eggs hatch within the
female and the larva or larvae are deposited. Common
in tsetse-flies. Iaterad = Toward the side, away from the midline of the body. Iateral = Of or pertaining to the side (that is, the right or
left side). Iateral oviduct = A tube in the female internal genitalia connecting the ovaries
and the common oviduct. Iaterotergite = A tergal sclerite located laterally or dorsolaterally. Iateroventral = To the side laway from the midline of the body) and
below. Ieaf miner = An insect that lives in and feeds upon the leaf cells between
the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf. life cycle (syn: life history) = In entomology and parasitology this
usually means the series of morphological stages an
organism passes through to reach the mature adult stage, and the
biology of each stage. Iigula = The terminal lobe (or lobej of the labium, the glossae
and paraglossae. Iinear = Line like, long and very narrow. longevity = The length of time an organism lives, often expressed
as the mean expectancy of life.
Vector longevity is an
important factor in disease transmission dynamics and vector control. Iongitudinal = Lengthwise of the body or of an appendage. Iooper = A caterpillar that moves by looping its body, that is
by placing the posterior part of the abdomen next to the thorax and then extending the anterior
part of the body forward; a measuringworm. Iorum (pl., lora) = The cheek; a sclerite on the
side of the head of Hemiptera and Homoptera; the submentum in bees. Iuminescent = Producing light. Iunule, frontal = See frontal lunule. labium (adj., labial) = The posterior, medial appendage of the
mouthparts between adn behind the maxillae, composed of the submentum, emntum, prementum,
glossa, paraglossa, and labial palpi.
The third set of mouthparts of insects (or underlip), located behind
the maxillae. labrum (adj., labral) = The anterior, medial appendage of the
mouthparts attached to the underside of, and often concealed by, the clypeus. A flaplike structure anterior to the
mouthparts, kelow the clypeus. lacina (pl., laciniae) = The inner apical lobe of the maxilla,
articulated to the stipes. lamina (pl., laminae; adj., laminate) = A thin plate or
leaf-like process. latent learning = Conditioning in which the reward occurs some time following
receipt of the stimulus. life table = A tabulation of the life stages of an insect with a
cumulative record of mortality and survival. light compass orientation = Orientation in which a constant angle with a light
source (usually the sun) is maintained. laterotergite = The lateral part of an abdominal/metasomal tergum that
is marked by a crease or groove, or is even completely detached from the main
dorsal part of the tergum (also see tergite, tergum). locustol = A primer pheromone of the desert locust that triggers
development from the solitary to the gregarious form. <M terms> maggot = A vermiform larva; a legless larva without a well
developed head capsule, thorax or abdomen (Diptera). maintenance host
= A vertebrate or arthropod host that allows long-term survival of a parasite
population. The host must have an infection rate that is at
least adequate to maintain a population of the disease agent endemic in an
area. malar space = The shortest distance between the base of the mandible
and the margin of the compound eye. Malpighian tubules = Excretory tubes that arise near the anterior end of the
hindgut and extend into the body cavity. An excretory tubule, opening into the gut at the junction of the
midgut and hindgut. mandible (adj., mandibular) = Jaw; one of the anterior pair of
paired mouthpart structures. One of
the most anterior pair of insect
mouthparts, often jawlike and working from side to side. The paired, heavily sclerotized biting and
chewing lateral appendage of the mouthparts between the labrum and
maxilla. mandibulate = With jaws fitted for chewing. marginal cell = A cell in the distal part of the wing bordering the
costal margin (Diptera, Hymenoptera). marginal vein = A vein on or just within the wing margin; the vein
forming the posterior side of the marginal cell (Hymenoptera). margined = With a sharp or keellike lateral edge. maxilla (pl., maxillae; adj.,
maxillary) = The paired appendage of the mouthparts between the mandible and
labium, consisting of the cardo, stipes,
lacinia, galea, and maxillary palpus. maxillary = Of or pertaining to the maxilla. maxillary palp = A small feelerlike structure arising from the maxilla. maxilliped = One of the appendages in Crustacea immediately
posterior to the second maxillae. maxilla = One of a pair of mouthparts behind the mandibles and
before the labium, bearing the maxillary palpi. mechanical transmission
= Transmission where there is no multiplication or cyclical development of
the aetiological agent (i.e., parasite or pathogen),
it being only passively carried by the vector. mechanoreceptor = A sensillum sensitive to physical displacement = media = The longitudinal vein between the radius and cubitus. medial (or median) = Referring to the center, usually the
midline, of an animal. medial cross vein = A cross vein connecting two branches of the media. median = In the middle; along the midline of the body. medio‑cubital cross vein = A cross vein connecting the media and cubitus. membrane = A thin film of tissue, usually transparent; that part
of the wing surface between the veins; the thin apical part of a hemelytron (Hemiptera). membranous = Like a membrane; thin and more or less transparent
lwingsi; thin and pliable lcuticle1. mental setae = Setae on the mentum (Odonata). mentum = The distal part of the labium, which bears the palps
and the ligula; a median, more or less triangular piece in the millipede gnathochilarium. mentum = A labial sclerite articulating basally with the
submentum and apically with the prementum; often fused with the latter and indistinguishable as a
separate sclerite. merocrine secretion = Release of enzymes across the cell membrane, without
destruction of the entire cell. meroistic ovary = An ovary possessing nurse cells that are connected to
or accompany the oocytes. meroistic ovariole = Ovariole with nurse cells. meropleuron (pl., meropleura)
= A sclerite consisting of the meron lbasal part1 of the coxa and the lower
part of the eplmeron. The lateral and ventral part of the
mesothorax (also see mesosternum) mes-, meso- = A Greek prefix meaning middle or mid; used with Latin,
latinized, or Greek words to indicate the middle (often 2nd) part of a structure. mesad = Toward the midline of the body. mesal At or near the
midline of the body. mesenteron = The midgut, or middle portion of the alimentary tract. mesepimeron (pl., mesepimera) = The epimeron of the mesothorax. mesepimeron = The posterior subdivision of the mesopleuron, usually
small relative to the mesepisternum or almost absent. mesepisternal groove = A groove on the mesopleuron, extending ventrally from a
pit under the base of the forewing and, when complete, reaching the
anteroventral margin of the mesothorax. mesepisternum (pl., mesepisterna) = The episternum of the
mesothorax = The anterior subdivision of the mesopleuron, usually comprising most of the
mesopleuron. mesinfraepisternum = A ventral subdivision of the mesepisternum (Odonata). meson = The midline of the body, or an imaginary plane dividing
the body into right and left halves. Mesonotal suture
= Dorsal sclerite of mesothorax mesonotum = The dorsal sclerite of the mesothorax. mesothorax = The middle segment of the insect thorax. mesopleural bristles = Bristles on the mesopleuron (Diptera). mesopleuron (pl., mesopleura) = The lateral sclerite~s1
of the mesothorax; the upper part of the episternum of the mesothorax (Diptera). mesoscutal lobe = The mesoscutum is usually divided by the notauli into a
medial part and two lateral lobes (also see scutum). mesoscutellar appendage = In Symphyta, the posterior subdivision of the
mesoscutellum, usually crescent-shaped and overhanging the postnotum of the
mesothorax. mesoscutellum = The scutellum of the mesothorax, usually simply called
the scutellum. The middle region of the m
esonotum or metanotum, behind the scutum = In Apocrita, only the
mesoscutellum is evident and is simply called
the scutellum, while in Symphyta both the mesoscutellum and metascutellum are
present. mesoscutum = The scutum of the rnesothorax. In
groups with a transscutal articulation, the portion of the mesonotum anterior to the articulation; the
mesoscutum is usually divided by the notauli into a medial part and two
lateral lobes (also see scutum). mesosoma (pl., mesosomata; adj., mesosomal) = In Apocrita, the
thorax plus the propoedum (cf. thorax) = In Apocrita (Hymenoptera) the middle tagma of the
body, composed of the three thoracic segments and the first true abdominal segment Ithe propodeum). mesosternum = The sternum of the mesothorax, usually invaginated and
not visible, but sometimes incorrectly used as a general term for the ventral surface
of the mesothorax, such as when it is modified into a flattened plate with posteriorly projecting lobes (also see
mesopleuron) = The sternum, or ventral sclerite, of the mesothorax. mesothorax = The middle or second segment of the thorax. The
2nd and largest of the 3 primary subdivision of the thorax,
bearing the middle pair of legs and, when present, the forewings. mesotrochantinal plate = The ventral part of the mesothorax inflected towards
the metasternum beneath the base of the mesocoxae; visible only by removing the
mesocoxae. met-, meta- = A Greek prefix meaning "hind" or
"posterior"; used with Latin, latinized, or Greek words to indicate
the posterior (usually 3rd) part of a
structure. metacyclic trypanosome
= The final, and usually smaller, version of the trypomastigote form in the
vector that is infective for the vertebrate host. metamere = A primary body segment lusually referring to the
embryo). metamorphosis = A change in form during development. Also, changes in form from the first stage
(egg) in the life cycle of an arthropod
to the adult form. Rates of change
differ among the species. metanotum = The dorsal sclerite of the metathorax. metapleuron = The lateral and ventral part of the metathorax. metapneustic = Only two spiracles are retained at the posterior end of
the body. metascutellum = The scutellum of the metathorax. metascutellum = In Symphyta, the middle region of the metanotum. metasoma (pl., metasomata; adj., metasomal) = In Ap6crita (Hymenoptera) the posterior
tagma of the body, comprised of all segments posterior to the
propodeum. = In Apocrita, the apparent abdomen, consisting of the
abdomen excluding the 1st segment or propodeum
(cf. abdomen). metasternum = The sternum of the metathorax, usually invaginated and
not visible but sometimes used as a general term for the ventral surface of the
metathorax. metatarsus (pl., metatarsi) = The basal segment of the
tarsus. metathorax = The 3rd of the three primary subdivision of the thorax,
bearing the hind pair of legs and, when present, the hind wings = The most posterior of
the three segments of the thorax. metazonite = The posterior portion of a mlllipede tergum when the
tergum is divided by a transverse groove. metepimeron (pl., metepimera) = The epimeron of the metathorax. metepimeron = The posterior subdivision of the metapleuron. metepisternum (pl., metepisterna) = The episternum of the
metathorax. metepisternum = The anterior subdivision of the metapleuron. metinfraepisternum = A ventral subdivision of the metepisternum (Odonata). microbial insecticide
= Insecticide comprising a biological agent such as bacteria (e.g., Bacillus
thuringiensis) or toxic compounds derived from such
agents. micropile = A pore in the chorion through which sperm enter = A
minute opening lor openings) in the chorion of an insect egg, through which sperm enter the egg.
midgut = The mesenteron,
or middle portion of the alimentary tract. migration = A form of dispersal involving longdistance movements
under at least partial control of the insects. mimicry = Presence of a pattem in a palatable species that
closely resembles the pattem of an unpalatable species ( =
Batesian mimicry) (see also Mullerian
mimicry). millimeter = 0.001 meter, or 0.03937 inch (about ~s inch). minute = Very small; an insect a few millimeters in length or
less would be considered minute. molt = A process of shedding the exoskeleton; ecdysis; to shed
the exoskeleton. molting gland = See prothoracic
glands molting hormone (MH) = See Ecdysone. monoculture = A uniform stand of one kind of crop plant. monecious = Possessing both male and female sex organs,
hermaphroditic. moniliform = Beadlike, with rounded segments; moniliform antenna. monocondylic = A joint with a single point of articulation. monophagous = Feeding on a single plant or animal species. morphology = The science of form or structure. Also, the outward structure of an
organism. Most arthropods are
identified by their morphology, that is by their outer appearance. motor neuron = A neuron that forms a synapse with a muscle. moulting
= The process of shedding the cuticle between developmental stages of
arthropods. mouthparts = The appendages of the head used for feeding, including
the labrum, hypopharynx, mandibles, maxillae, and labium. Mullerian mimicry = Presence of a similar aposematic pattem in unrelated,
distasteful or poisonous species. multivoltine = Having several generations a year. mushroom body = A complex fiber tract in the anterior part of the
brain, often suggesting the shape of a mushroom, associated primarily with the
integration of sensory information . mutualism = A living together of two species of organisms, with
both species being benefited by the association. myiasis
= Invasion of vertebrate organs or tissues by larvae of Diptera that feed on
living or deat tissues. Myiasis may be accidental, obligatory or
facultative. mycetome = A specialized internal organ that houses symbiotic
microorganisms. mycoplasma = A pathogenic microorganism that passes through
bacterial filters but has certain features in common with bacteria. myiasis = A disease caused by the invasion of dipterous larvae. Infestation
with the maggots of flies. myogenic flight muscles = Flight muscles that contract repeatedly as a result of
mechanical stretch and do not require a nervous impulse for each contraction. myogenic = Produced by muscle; contraction of a muscle generated
by that muscle itself, without neuronal stimulus. myogenic rhythms = Rhythms produced by spontaneously active muscles. myrmecophile = A symbiont found in the colonies of ants, usually
living at the expense of the food in the nest. myrmecophyte = A plant that has special cavities in which ants live. myriapod . A many‑legged
arthropod; a centipede, millipede, pauropod, or symphylan. <N terms> naiad = An aquatic, gill‑breathing nymph. nasute soldier (or nasutus) = An individual of a termite
caste in which the head narrows anteriorly into a snoutIike projection. natural control = The maintenance of a population at nonoutbreak levels
by natural environmental factors, biotic and abiotic. Nearctic Region =
The United States, Canada, Greenland and northern Mexico. nebulous vein = A wing vein that is uniformly pigmented (not darker on
its margins), without a tubular structure; it can be seen with both reflected and
transmitted light (cf. spectral, tubular veins). necrophagous = Feeding on dead animal matter. nectar guide = A streak on a flower that guides insects to nectar
sources. neopterous = Possessing the ability to fold the wings backward over
the abdomen. Neotropical Region = South America, Central America, southern Mexico and
Caribbean islands. neural lamella = A fibrous, noncellular layer that surrounds and
supports a ganglion. neurogenic = Produced by a
neuron; contractions of muscle stimulated by a neuronal impulse. nidi In the
midgut, clusters of regenerative epithelial cells. neurogenic flight muscles = Flight muscles that contract each time a nerve impulse
is received. neurogenic rhythms = Rhythms maintained by spontaneously active neurons. neurohemal organ = An organ associated with the nervous system that stores
and releases hormones. neuron = Nerve cell. neuropile = The mass of closely packed nerve cell processes
comprising the central part of a ganglion. neurosecretory cell . A cell of the nervous system that is specialized
for the production and release of hormones. New World
= North, Central and South America, and the Caribbean area. niche = The role that a species occupies in nature; that is,
its precise habitat plus its behavior in that habitat. nidicolous
= In medical entomology often used to describe the habit of soft and some
hard ticks of living in and around the homes, nests, burrows and caves
of their hosts. Such ticks disperse
very little. nocturnal = Active at night. Refers to activity during the night,
such as blood-feeding in anopheline mosquitoes and the
appearance in vertebrate blood of nocturnally periodic microfilariae
of some helminths. node = A knoblike or knotlike swelling. nodilorm = In the form of a knob or knot. nodus = A strong cross vein near the middle of the costal
border of the wing (Odonata). notal wing process = Point at which the notum articulates with the wing (or
axillary sclerites at the base of the wing). notaulus (pl., notauli) = The usually oblique, longitudinal groove
on the mesoscutum, often dividing the mesoscutum into medial and lateral parts = A
longitudinal line on the mesoscutum of Hymen6ptera, marking the separation of the dorsal longitudinal and
dorsoventral flight muscles; also sometimes called notaulix notaulices),
parapsidal furrow, or parapsidal
suture. notopleural bristles = Bristles on the notopleuron (Diptera). notopleural suture = A groove separating the mesonotum from the mesopleuron
= A suture between the notum and the pleural sclerites. notopleuron (pl., notopleura) = An area on the thoracic
dorsum, at the lateral end of the transverse suture (Diptera). notum (pl., nota; adj., notal) = A thoracic tergum, usually
subdivided into a scutum and a scutellum = A dorsal sclerite of the insect thorax = The dorsal
sclerite of a thoracic segment; the fused second gonapophyses of the ovipositor. nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) = A vinus that multiplies in cell nuclei, chiefly
in the epidermis, fat body, and blood cells. nurse cells = Nutritive cells associated with the developing oocyte. nymph = An immature stage (following hatching) of an insect
that does not have a pupal stage; the immature stage of Acari that has eight legs. <O terms> oblique scutal carina = In Spheciformes, the ridge on the mesoscutum extending
obliquely posteriorly and medially from the lateral margin near the
posterior of the tegula. oblique vein = A slanting cross vein; in Odonata, where Rs crosses M,
2. obtect pupa = A pupa in which the appendages are more or less glued
to the body surface, as in the Lepid6ptera. occipital carina = A ridge on the posterior surface of the head that
separates the occiput from the vertex and gena; the ventral part of the ridge is sometimes
called the genal carina. occipital foramen = See foramen
magnum. occipital suture (or sulcus) = A
transverse suture in the posterior part of the head that separates the vertex
from the occiput dorsally and the genae from the
postgenae laterally. occiput (adj., occipital) = The posterior part of the head behind
the vertex dorsally and teh genae laterally.
If an occipital carina is present, the occiput is the
area betwen it and the very narrow postocciput surrounding the foramen magnum (also see postgena). The dorsal posterior part of the head,
between the occipital and postoccipital sutures. ocellar bristles = Bristles arising close to the ocelli (Diptera). ocellar triangle = A slightly raised triangular area in which the ocelli are located (Diptera). ocellus (pl., ocelli) = A simple eye on the dorsal part of the
head, containing a single facet =
Hymenoptera usually have three ocelli: one median (anterior) and two lateral (posterior). Old World
= All countries and aras east of the Americas. olfaction = The sense of smell; the ability to detect chemicals in
a gas. oligolectic = Utilizing a very limited number of plant species as
sources of pollen (said chiefly of bees). oligophagous = Feeding on a somewhat restricted group of (often
related) plant or animal species. olistheter = A tongue‑in‑groove
mechanism connecting the first and second gonapophyses of the ovipositor. ommatidium (pl., ommatidia) = A functional unit of the compound
eye, expressed extemally as a facet.
A single unit or visual section of a compound eye. onisciform larva = See platyform
larva. oocyte = Egg. oocyst rate
= the percentage of mosquitoes that have malarial oocysts on the stomach. oogenesis = The production
of eggs. oogonium (pl., oogorlia) = The primary germ cells of
the female. ootheca = A hardened protective structure surrounding the egg
mass, composed of tanned protein and secreted by accessory glands. The covering or case of an egg mass
IMantodea, Blattaria. open coxal cavity = One bounded posteriorly by a sclerite of the next
segment (front coxal cavities, Coleoptera), or one touched by one or more pleural
sclerites (middle coxal cavities, Coleoptera). open cell = A wing cell extending to the wing margin, not entirely
surrounded by veins. operculum (pl., opercula) = A lid or cover. opisthognathous = With the mouthparts directed backward. opisthorhynchous = With the beak directed backward oral = Pertaining to the mouth. oral cavity = The opening of the head from which the mouthparts are
suspended. oral vibrissae = A pair of stout bristles, one on each side of the face
near or just above the oral margin, and larger than the other bristles on the vibrissal
ridge (Diptera). orbit = The narrow border around the eye = The inner and outer
orbits are those parts of the face plus the frons and the gena, respectively, immediately next to
the eye. orbital plate = An area on the head above the antenna and next to the
compound eye (Diptera); also called genovertical plate. order = A subdivision of a class or subclass, containing a
group of related superfamilies or families. Oriental Region
= Asia east of Pakistan and south of the Himalayas and central China,
covering Taiwan, Sri Lanka, & the southeast Asia archipelago
eastwards to include Sulawesi. ornithophagic
= Arthropods that feed on the blood of birds. orthognathous
= With mouth directed ventrad osmeterium (pl., osmetena) =
A fleshy, tubular, eversible, usually Y‑shaped gland at the anterior
end of certain caterpillars (Papilionidae). An eversible gland on the thorax of the
larvae of swallowtail butterflies that secretes allomones. osmoregulation
= The regulation of water balance in arthropods; maintaining the homeostasis
(balance) of osmotic and ionic content of body
fluids. ostia = Segmentally arranged inlet pores in the walls of the
heart. ostiole = A small opening. ostium (pl., ostia) = A slitlike opening in the
insect heart. outer vertical bristles = The more laterally located of the large bristles on the
vertex, between the ocelli and the compound eyes (Diptera). ovariole = One of the tubules making up the ovary, in which the
eggs are formed = A more or less tubular division of an ovary. overwintering = Describes the survival tactics of arthropods during
winters. Examples include some
mosquitoes that cease feeding
and ovipositing and enter a state of hibernation until warmer weather
reappears and activitiy resumes. ovipositor = The egg‑laying apparatus of insects, typically
composed of two sets of valves or a tubular extension of the abdomen. ovisorption = Resorption of eggs prior to the time of oviposition. ovoviviporous = Producing small larvae, the eggs having hatched inside
the mother. ovary = The egg‑producing organ of the female. oviduct = The tube leading away from the ovary through which the
eggs pass. oviparous = Laying eggs. ovipore = The external opening of the female reproductive system
through which the eggs pass during oviposition. oviposit = To lay or deposit eggs. ovipositor = The egg‑laying apparatus; the external genitalia
of the female. In females, a slender, paired and interlocking, saw-like or
tubular structure used for laying the eggs or, in Aculeata, for stinging or,
in some Ichneumonoidea, for both; it may be
concealed or may extend beyond the apex of the body and is protected by a
pair of ovipositor sheaths. ovipositor sheath = A paired, slcerotized structure enclosing the external
part of the ovipositor = oviscapt = Modification of the terminal abdominal segments of a
female to serve as an egg‑laying organ. <P terms> paedogenesis = Reproduction
by larviform individuals; production of eggs or young by an immature or
larval stage of an animal. Palaearctic Region = Europe,
North Africa, Saia north of the Himalayas and central China, Japan, Iceland,
and mid-Atlantic islands. paleopterous = Lacking the
ability to position the wings backward over the abdomen. palp = A segmented
process born by the maxillae or labium. palpifer = The lobe of
the maxillary stipes that bears the palp. palpiform = Segmented process palpiger = The lobe of
the mentum of the labium that bears the palp. palpus (pl., palpi;
adj., palpal) = Paired sensory appendages of the maxilla and labium,
consisting of 1-6 segments and 1-4 segments, respectively. panoistic
ovariole = Ovariole without nurse cells. panoistic
ovary = An ovary in which the ovarioles lack nurse cells. papilla = A small
nipple like elevation. paraglossa (pl.,
paraglossae) = A paired, lateral lobe of the labium articulated basally with
the prementum lateral to the base of the glossa = One of a pair of
lobes at the apex of the labium, laterad of the glossae. paramere = A structure in
the male genitalia of insects, usually a lobe or process at the base of the
aedeagus. paranotum = Lateral
expansion of the notum. paraproct = One of a
pair of lobes bordering the anus lateroventrally. parasite = An animal
that lives in or on the body of another living animal (its hostl, at least
during a part of its life cycle, feeding on the tissues of its host;
most entomophagous insect parasites kill their host (see parasitoid ) parasitic = Living as a
parasite. parasitoid = An animal
that feeds in or on another living animal for a relatively long time,
consuming all or most of its tissues and eventually killing it (also
used as an adjective, describing this mode of life). Parasitoid insects in this book are referred to as parasites. An insect that
lives in its immature stages in or on another insect, which it kills after
completing its own feeding. parental
investment = Behavior of a parent that increases the probability of offspring
survival at the cost of the parent's ability to produce more offspring. parthenogenesis = Development
of the egg without fertilization. Production of young from unfertilized eggs. patella = A leg
segment between the femur and tibia (arachnids). paurometabolous = With simple
metamorphosis, the young and adults living in the same habitat, and the
adults winged. pecten = A comblike
or rakelike structure. pectinate = Comblike;
that is, having a series of slender projections from an elongate shaft. With branches or processes like the teeth of a comb; pectinate
antenna; pectinate tarsal claw. pedicel = The 2nd
primary division or segment of the antenna; it articulates apically with the
flagellum and basally with the
scape. The second, usually small,
segment of the antenna; the stem of the abdomen, between the thorax and the gaster (ants) pedipalps = The second
pair of appendages of an arachnid. pedunculate = An
intermediate, club-like condition between sessile and petiolate (also see
petiolate). pelagic = Inhabiting
the open sea; ocean‑dwelling. penultimate = Next to the
last. pericardial
sinus = A space around the heatt, limited below by the dorsal
diaphragm. The body cavity surrounding the
dorsal blood vessel, limited ventrally
by the dorsal diaphragm. perineural
sinus = The body cavity surrounding the ventral nerve cord, limited
dorsally by the ventral diaphragm. perineurium = The layer of
cells surrounding a ganglion, which secretes the neural lamella. periodicity = Several
organisms, including both vectors and parasites, exhibit temporal periodicity
in aspects of their behavior. peripneustic = Lateral
spiracles on the abdomen. peristalsis = Waves of
contraction. peristome = The ventral
margin of the head, bordering the mouth. peritrophic
membrane = A membrane in insects secreted by the cells lining the
midgut; this membrane is secreted when food is present and forms an envelope
around the food; it usually pulls loose from the midgut, remains around the
food, and passes out with the feces. perivisceral
sinus = The body cavity surrounding the digestive system,
reproductive system, etc., between the dorsal and ventral diaphragms. petiolate = Attached by
a narrow stalk or stem. Stalked,
drawn out into an extended process. petiole = Part of the
metasoma, usually metasomal segment 1; the usually narrow, parallel-sided
stalk joining the rest of the metasoma to the propodeum. pH = A measure of
the acidity or alkalinity of a
medium. A pH value of 7.0 indicates
neutral; lower values indicate acid, and higher values alkaline. Defined
as ‑log IH~I. phagostimulant = A natural
plant substance that induces feeding by an insect. phallotreme = External
opening of the male reproductive system on the aedeagus. phallus = The male
copulatory organ, including any processes that may be present at its base. pharate stage = A stage in
which molting has occurred but the insect has not cast off the old cuticle. pharynx = A muscular
portion of the foregut, just behind the mouth. The anterior part of the
foregut, between the mouth and the esophagus. phenological
asynchrony = Lack of synchrony between the life cycle of a pest and
the appropriate stage of its host plant. pheromone = A substance
given off by one individual that causes a specific reaction by other
individuals of the same species, such as sex attractants, alarm
substances, etc. phoresy = A condition
in which an individual is carried about by another individual without
harming that individual. photoperiod = The relative
amount of time during phragma (pl., phragmata) = A plate like
apodeme or invagination of the dorsal wall of the thorax. phylogeny = The study of
the history of lines of evolution . phylum (pl., phylal) = One of the dozen or
so major divisions of the animal kingdom. physical gill = A bubble or packet
of air that adheres to the body of an aquatic insect and is continuous with
the tracheal air space. phytoecdysone = A plant
product that mimics ecdysone. phytophagous = Feeding on
plants. phytotoxemia = A
diseaselike plant condition produced by the injection of toxic substances by
insects. pictured = With spots
or bands (pictured wings. pilifer = One of a
pair of lateral projections on the labrum (Lepidoptera). pilose = Covered with
hair. placoid
sensillum (pl., placoid sensilla) = An elongated, appressed,
plate-like or rounded roof-like or groove-like sensory structure, planidium
larva = A type of first‑instar larva in certain Diptera and
Hymenoptera that undergoes hypermetamorphosis; a larva that is legless and
somewhat flattened. plantar lobe = A small
membranous pad projecting from the ventral apex of tarsomeres 1-4. plastron = A framework
of stiff, water‑repellent hairs or cuticular structures on the bodies
of aquatic insects, containing a film of air into which oxygen
diffuses from the water. platyform
larva = A larva that is extremely flattened, as the larva of
Psephenidae; also called onisciform larva. pleural = Pertaining to
the pleura, or lateral sclerites of the body; lateral. pleural
apophysis (or arm) =
Internal process extending from the pleural suture to the sternal
apophyses. Pleural suture (or sulcusl A suture of
a thoracic pleuron extending from the base of the wing to the base of the
coxa, which separates the episternum and epimeron. pleural
groove = A groove on the mesopleuron and metapleuron extending
between the wing base and the coxal articulation; it separates the episternum from
the epimeron. pleural
suture = A vertical or oblique suture marking an intemal ridge
of the thoracic pleuron, running from the dorsal coxal articulation to the pleural wing
process. pleural wing
process = A fulcrum for the wing base, formed at the top of the
intemal ridge fommed by the pleural suture. pleurite = A lateral or
pleural sclerite. pleuron (pl., pleura;
adj., pleural) = The lateral part of a body segment, usually of a thoracic
segment where the pleuron occupies the lateral as well as the ventral areas of the
mesothorax and metathorax. pleuropodium = Embryonic
appendages of the first abdommal segment. pleurotergite. A
sclerite containing both pleural and
tergal elements. plicae = folds plumose = Featherlike;
plumose antenna. podite = A segment of
an arthropod leg, moved by muscles inserted in its base. poikilothermous = Cold‑blooded,
the body temperature rising or falling with the environmental temperature. point = A small triangle
of stiff paper, using in mounting small insects. pollen basket = See corbicula.
pollen rake = A
comblike row of bristles at polyculture = A mixed
stand of crop plants. polyembryony = Division of
a single egg to form several identical embryos. An egg developing into two or
more embryos. polyethism = The presence
of several discrete types of behavior by different groups of individuals in
colonies of social insects. polylectic = Utilizing a
variety of plant species as sources of pollen. polymorphism = The presence
of two or more distinct, structurally different types of individuals within
the same stage of one species. Polynesia = A group of
numerous islands in the western Pacific extending from Hawaii to New Zealand
and including the
Solomon Islands, New
Caledonia, Fiji, Tuvatu, Tonga, Samoa, Cook Islands, Society Islands and
Tahiti. polyphagous = Feeding on a
broad array of plant or animal species. polytene chromosomes = The giant
chromosomes found only in certain tissues of Diptera, such as the ovarian
nurse cells of half-gravid anophelines and larval salivary glands
of simulids. polytrophic
ovariole = Meroistic
ovariole in which trophocytes pass into the vitellarium with the
oocyte. population
dynamics = The forces that control population size, and their
effects. population
regulation = The maintenance of an almost constant population size
and density, and the forces that control it. population
resilience = The capacity of a population to adapt to change or to
persist in a changing environment. population
stability = The ability of a population to absorb disturbance and
to return to an equilibrium state. porrect = Extending
forward horizontally; porrect antennae. postabdomen = The modified
posterior segments of the abdomen, which are usually more slender than the
anterior segments (Crustacea); see also the
postabdomen in a scorpion. postalar
callus = A rounded swelling on each side of the mesonotum,
between the base of the wing and the scutellum (Diptera). posterior = Hind or
rear. posterior
cell = One of the cells extending to the hind margin of the wing,
between the 3rd and 6th longitudinal veins (Diptera). posterior
cross vein = A cross vein at the apex of the discal cell (Diptera) posterior
lingual plate = A sclerite on the posterior (ventral) surface of the
glossa. postgena (adj.,
postgenal) = The lower part of the occiput; when the occipital carina is
absent, the gena and postgena are c ontinuous, and the entire lower
area constitutes the gena (also see occiput). postgena (pl.,
postgenae) = A sclerite on the posterior lateral surface of the head,
posterior to the gena. postgenal
bridge = Mesal extension of the postgenae on each side to meet
below the foramen magnum. posthumeral
bristles = Bristles on the anterolateral surface of the mesonotum,
just posterior to the humeral callus (Diptera). postmarginal
vein = The vein along the anterior margin of the front wing, beyond
the point where the stigmal vein arises (Hymen6ptera), postmentum = The basal
portion of the labium, proximad of the labial suture. postnodal
cross veins = A series of cross veins just behind the costal margin
of the wing, between the nodus and stigma, and extending from the costal margin
of the wing to Rl (Odonata). postnotum (pl., postnota) = A notal plate behind the
scutellum bearing a phragma, often present in wing‑bearing
segments, A posterior sclerite of the
mesonotum and metanotum behind the scutellum = The postnotum of the
metathorax is fused dorsally with abdominal tergum 1
and laterally with the metepimeron; in Apocrita the postnotum is seldom
visible, and then only as an impressed
line in front of the propodeum. postoccipital
suture = The transverse suture on the head immediately posterior
to the occipital suture. postocciput (adj.,
postoccipital) = A narrow area surrounding the foramen magnum; it is
separated from the occiput by the postoccipital groove = The extreme posterior rim of the
head, between the postoccipital suture & the foramen magnum. postpectal
carina = In Ichneumonoidea, the posterior transverse carina
ventrally on the mesopleuron. postpetiole = The second segment
of a two‑segmented pedicel jantsl. postscutellum = A small
transverse piece of a thoracic notum immediately behind the scutellum, in
Diptera, an area just behind or below the
mesoscutellum. postvertical
bristles = A pair of bristles behind the ocelli, usually situated
on the posterior surface of the head (Diptera). preapical = Situated
just before the apex; preapical tibial bristles of Diptera. prebasilare = A narrow transverse
sclerite, just basal to the mentum in the gnathochilarium of some millipedes. precoccinelline = A defensive
allomone produced by lady beetles during autohemorrhage. precocene = An insect
growth regulator produced by certain plants that depresses the source of
juvenile hormone. precosta = The most
anterior of the major longitudinal wing veins laccording to Kukalova‑Peckl. predaceous = Feeding as a
predator. predator = An animal
that attacks and feeds on other animals (its prey), usually animals smaller
or less powerful than itself. The prey is usually killed and
mostly or entirely eaten; each predator eats many prey individuals. prefemur = The second
trochanter segment of the leg. pregenital = Anterior to
the genital segments of the abdomen. preimaginal
conditioning = Conditioning of an immature insect that persists into
the adult stage. prementum = A labial
sclerite that articulates basally with the mentum and bearing the glossae,
paraglossae, and palpi apically.
The distal part
of the labium, distad of the labial suture, on which all the labial muscles
have their insertions. preoral = Anterior to
or in front of the mouth. prepectus = A sclerite
of the thorax between the pronotum and the mesepisternum (also see
epicnemium). An area along the anteroventral margin of
the mesepisternum, set off by a suture (Hymenoptera) prepupa = A quiescent
stage between the larval period and the pupal period; the third instar of a
thrips. A resting stage of the last larval instar, prior to
the molt to the pupal stage. prestigma = The enlarged
and sclerotized apex of one or more veins on the anterior margin of the wing
basal to the costal notch and almost continuous with the
stigma. presutural
bristles = Bristles on the mesonotum immediately anterior to the
transverse suture and adjacent to the notopleuron (Diptera). pretarsus (pl, pretarsi) = The terminal
segment of the leg, typically consisting of a pair of claws and one or more
padlike structures. primary
defense = A defense mechanism that is continuously present, such
as crypsis. primer
pheromone = A pheromone that acts to modify the phvsiological state
of an animal. pro- = A Latin
prefix meaning "before" or "anterior"; used with Latin,
latinized, or Greek words to indicate the anterior (usually 1st) part of a
structure. proboscis = The extended
beaklike mouthparts. proclinate = Inclined
forward or downward. proctodaeum . The hindgut,
or the hindmost of the three major divisions of the alimentary tract, from
the Malpighian tubules to the anus. procuticle = The inner
zone of the insect cuticle, containing chitin and protein, divisible into
exocuticle and endocuticle. produced = Extended,
prolonged, or projecting. proepimeron (pl., proepimeral) = The epimeron
of the prothorax. proepisternum (pl., proepisterna) = The episternum of
the prothorax. profile = The outline
as seen from the side or in lateral view. prognathous = With the
head somewhat in the same plane as the body (horizontal) so the mouthparts
are directed anteriorly (cf. hypognathous). progressive
provisioning = The supplying of food to the offspring over time, as
the offspring grow. proleg = A fleshy,
unjointed "false leg," occurring ventrally on the abdomen of
caterpillars and other larval insects. One of the fleshy abdominal legs of certain insect
larvae. promastigote (leptomonad) = Morphological form of a
trypanosomatid with the flagellum arising near the anterior end (e.g., Leishmania parasites in the
phelebotomine sandfly gut. prominence = A raised,
produced, or projecting portion. prominent = Raised,
produced, or projecting. promote = To move anteriorly.
pronate = To turn the
leading edge of the wing downward. pronotal
collar = The horizontal surface of the posterior to the sloping,
& often narrowing, region just behind the head. pronotal comb = A row of
strong spines borne on the posterior margin of the pronotum (Siphonaptera). pronotal
flange = The anterior projected rim of the pronotum; it is often
hidden by the head. pronotal lobe = The rounded
posterolateral extension of the pronotum that covers the mesothoracic
spiracle. pronotal plate = In
Cynipoidea, the dorsal disc of the pronotum. pronotum (adj.,
pronotal) = The dorsal sclerite of the prothorax; in most Hymenoptera,
occupying also the dorsolateral or lateral part of the prothorax. The dorsal, often shieldlike sclerite of
the prothorax. propleural
bristles = Bristles located on the propleuron (Diptera). propleuron (pl.,
propleura) = The lateral part of the prothorax = In Hymenoptera, it is
displaced a bit by the pronotum so as to occupy an oblique position
ventrolateral and anterior to the pronotum. propneustic = Lateral spiracles on the thorax. propodeal
carina = In Ichneumonoidea, one or more, usually distinct,
transverse or longitudinal ridges on the propodeum. propodeum (adj., propodeal)
= In Apocrita, the first tergum of the abdomen, widely and immovably fused
with the metanotum and with each metapleuron of he
thorax, and usually narrowly and flexibly joined to the rest of the abdomen (also see abdomen, metasoma,
thorax) = The posterior portion of the thorax, hich is actually the first
abdominal segment united with the thorax
(Hymenoptera, suborder Apocrita). proprioception = Detection by
an animal. proprioreceptor = A sense
organ that detects the relative position of parts of an animal's own body. prosoma = A term
referring to the anterior part of the body, usually applied to the
cephalothorax; the anterior part of the head or cephalothorax. prosternum = A ventral
sclerite of the prothorax, between the propleura = The sternum, or ventral
sclerite, of the prothorax. protelean
parasite = An entomophagous insect that attacks its prey only when
the attacking insect is immature, the adult being free living. prothoracic
glands = Endocrine organs located in the prothorax of immature
insects, secreting molting hormone.
Also endocrine glands located in the
prothorax generally that secrete ecdysone. prothoracicotropic
hormone (PTTH) = A hormone secreted by neurosecretory cells of
the brain and serving to activate the prothoracic glands. prothorax = The first of
the 3 primary subdivisions of the thorax, composed of the pronotum, the
propleuron, and the prosternum. Also, the anterior
of the three thoracic segments. protocerebrum = The largest
and most anterior part of the brain, which includes the optic lobes = The
dorsal lobes of the brain innervating linter alial the
compound eyes and ocelli. protonymph = The second
instar of a mite. proventriculus = The portion
of the foregut, just before the midgut, that controls entry of food into the
midgut; often lined with sclerotized teeth that grind the
food = The valve between the foregut and midgut. proximal = Nearer to
the body or to the base of an appendage = Referring to the part of an appendage
that is closest to the body. prozonite = The anterior
portion of a millipede tergum when the tergum is divided by a transverse
groove. pruinose = Covered with
a whitish waxy powder. pseudarolium (pl., pseudarolial) = A pad at the
apex of the tarsus resembling an
arolium. pseudocercus (pl., pseudocerci) = See
urogomphi. pseudocubitus = A vein appearing
as the cubitus, but actually formed by the fusion of the branches of M and
Cu, (Neuroptera). pseudomedia = A vein
appearing as the media, but actually formed by the fusion of branches of Rs
(Neuroptera). pseudopod (= "false
leg") = Stumpy protuberance present on dipterous larvae of some species
of Tabanidae. pseudopupa = A coarctate
larva; a larva in a quiescent pupalike condition, one or two instars before
the true pupal stage (Coleoptera, Meloidae). pseudotracheae = Small tubes
in the labella of some adult Diptera (e.g., Muscidae, Calliphoridae,
Tabanidae), which are supported by sclerotized
rings. Liquid food passes thru'
minute openings in these pseudotracheae to the fly's mouth. pseudovipositor = See oviscapt.
pteralia = See axillary
sclentes. pteropleural
bristles = Bristles on the pteropleuron (Diptera). pteropleuron (pl., pteropleura) = A sclerite on
the side of the thorax just below the base of the wing, and consisting of the
upper part of the mesepimeron
(Diptera). pterostigma = A thickened
opaque spot along the costal margin of the wing, near the wing tip lalso
called the stigmal (Odonata). pterothorax = The wing‑bearing
segments of the thorax (mesothorax and metathoraxl. pterygote = A winged
insect, or a wingless insect believed to have been derived from winged
ancestors. Winged; a member of the subclass Pterygota. ptilinum = A temporary
bladderlike structure that can be inflated and thrust out through the frontal
lor ptilinal~ suture, just above the bases of the
antennae, at the time of emergence from the puparium (Diptera) See brain
hormone. pubescence = The short,
fine, often closely set setae on the body. pubescent = Downy,
covered with short fine hairs. pulvilliform = Lobelike or
padlike; shaped like a pulvillus;
pulvilliform empodium. punctate = Having fine,
impressed points or pits. punctiform = With impressed pits or depressions) puncture = A tiny pit
or depression. pupa (pl., pupae) = The stage between
the larva and the adult in insects with complete metamorphosis, a nonfeeding
and usually an inactive stage. pupariation = Formation of
the puparium by larvae of Diptera. puparium (pl., puparia) = A case formed by the hardening
of the last larval skin, in which the pupa is formed. Also:
Life stage resulting from the hardening of
the cuticle of the last larval instar of some Diptera (e.g., tsetse-flies,
houseflies) pupate = To transform
to a pupa. pupiparous = Giving birth
to larvae that are full grown and ready to pupate. pygidial
plate = A specialized area of the tergum of the last externally
visible segment of the metasoma; it is usually flattened and defined laterally by ridges
or grooves. pygidium = The last
dorsal segment of the abdomen. pyloric valve = The valve
between the midgut and hindgut. <Q terms> quadrangle = A cell immediately beyond the arculus (Odonata,
Zygoptera) quadrate = Four‑sided. qualitative defenses of plants = Toxins and small‑molecular‑weight compounds
(such as alkaloids) that are active against the physiological
systems of phytophagous insects = Complex, digestibility‑reducing
substances (such as tannins) that reduce the ability of insects to feed on plants. queen substance = A pheromone produced by the queen honey bee and serving
various functions in the hive as well as during mating
and swarming flights. questing
= The behavior of ticks, mainly Ixodidae, when climbing up vegetation, such
as grasses & herbaceous plants in order to seek out passing hosts, to
which they attach themselves. quiescence
= A temporary stage of arrested or slowed development, such as in Ixodidae
tick larvae after blood-feeding but prior to molting to the nymphal stare
of some hibernating dult mosquitoes. <R terms> radial cell = A cell bordered anteriorly by a branch of the radius;
the marginal cell (Hymen6ptera) radial cross vein = A cross vein connecting Rl and the branch of the radius
immediately behind it. radial sector = The posterior of the two main branches of the radius. radicle = The basal part of the scape often strongly defined by a
constriction; it articulates with the torulus. radius = The longitudinal vein between the subcosta and the
media. raptorial = Fitted for grasping prey; raptoriai front legs. reaction chain = A continuous series of behavioral acts, each of which
is dependent on completion of the preceding act. reclinate = Inclined backward or upward. rectal pad = A portion of the rectum containing enlarged cells,
responsible for active water and ion uptake from the contents of the rectum. rectum = The posterior region of the hindgut. recumbent = Referring to a seta lying parallel to the body
surface.regulatory control The use of
enforceable regulations to prevent the spread of a pest or to
suppress or eradicate it. recurrent vein = One of two transverse veins immediately posterior to
the cubital vein (Hymenoptera); a vein at the base of the wing between the costa and the
subcosta, extending obliquely from the subcosta to the costa (Neuroptera). recurved = Curved upward or backward. releaser = An environmental or communicative stimulus that triggers
a fixed action pattern. releaser pheromone = A pheromone that acts via the central nervous system to
produce a quick behavioral response. releasing mechanism = An innate capacity to respond in a particular way to a
specific stimulus. remote = To move posteriorly = reniform = Kidney‑shaped. reservoir host
= An animal in which populations of disease organisms persist indefinitely,
and which passes the disease to other species of hosts, often by
vectors. resilin = A rubberlike, proteinaceous constituent of the insect
procuticle. resting potential = The slight charge that can be measured in an
unstimulated nerve cell. reticulate = Covered with a network of lines; meshed or webbed. Like a network. retina = The receptive apparatus of an eye. retinula cell = A monopolar sensory neuron within an ommatidium of the
compoun‑l eye. retractile = Capable of being pushed out and drawn back in. rhabdom = The central, rodlike element in an ommatidium,
consisting of several rhabdomeres, one from each retinula cell.
A rodlike light‑sensitive structure formed of the inner surfaces
of adiacent sensory cells in the omma tidium of a compound eye. Rickettsiae
= A group of Gram-negative intracellular coccoid-shaped bacteria, many of
which are transmitted by arthropods. These were once regarded as
microorganisms intermediate between bacteria and viruses. Riker mount = A thin glass‑topped exhibition case filled with
cotton. rostrum = Beak or snout. round dance = A torm of recruitment in the honey bee, used when a
food source close to the hive is communicated to other bees. royal jelly = A nutritive substance produced by glands in the heads
of worker honey bees and fed to the larvae.
Larvae fed this diet throughout development
produce queens. r‑strategist = A species characterized by having rapid development,
high motility, and a high reproductive rate relative to a K‑strategist . rudimentary = Reduced in size, poorly developed, embryonic. rugose = wrinkled. <S terms> saprophagous feeding = on dead or decaying plant or animal materials, such as
carrion, dung, dead logs, etc. saprophagous = Feeding on dead organic matter. scape = The most basal segment of the antenna = The first primary
division or segment of the antenna; it articulates apically with the pedicel and basally
with the torulus. scapula (pl., scapulae) =
One of two sclerites on the mesonotum immediately lateral of the notauli
(Hymenoptera); also called "parapsis". scarabaeiform larva = A grublike larva, that
is, one with the body thickened and cylindrical, with a well‑developed
head and thoracic legs, without prolegs, and
usually sluggish. scavenger = An animal that feeds on dead plants or animals, or decaying
materials, or on animal wastes. scent gland = A gland producing an odorous substance. scientific name = A latinized name, internationally recognized, of a
species or subspecies. The scientific name of a species consists of the generic and
specific names, and that of a subspecies consists of the generic, specific, and subspecific names. Scientific names
are always printed in italics. sclerite = A more or less rigid cuticular plate = A hardened body‑wall
plate bounded by sutures or membranous areas. A hardened plate of the integument; it is separated from other
such plates by sutures or membrane. sclerotin = Cuticular protein that has been hardened and darkened
through cross‑linkage of the molecules. sclerotization = The process of becoming hardened. Also:
the process that results in the new arthropod cuticle formed after
molting, darkening and hardening to give it rigidity. sclerotized = Hardened = Referring to the body integument; relatively
stiff and usually darkly pigmented areas compared with usually colorless and flexible
membranous areas. scolopidium = A sensillum located beneath the cuticle and modified
for the reception of vibrations . scolopophorous organ = See campaniform
sensillum. scolytoid larva = A fleshy larva resembling the larva of a scolytid
beetle. scopa (pl., scopae) = In Apiformes, a brush-like structure of
short stiff hairs of equal length used for collecting pollen. A small, dense tuft of hair. scramble competition = Competition in which many individuals
"scramble" for a limited resource, such as food. scraper = The sharpened anal angle of the front wing jtegmenl of
a cricket or long‑horned grasshopper, a part of the stridulating mechanism. scrobal groove = A horizontal groove on the mesopleuron that may be
continuous with the episternal groove anteriorly and ends at the pleural groove
posteriorly. scrobe (adj., scrobal) = A groove or furrow; antennal scrobe = A
groove in the body integument for the reception or concealment of an appendage, e.g., a
longitudinal depression of the head above each torulus for reception of the scape or a groove on the
mesopleuron for reception of the mesofemur; the scrobe of the mesepisternum
is a small pit. sculpture = Markings or a pattern of impressions or elevations on
the surface of a structure. scutellum (pl., scutella; adj., scutellar) = The middle region of
the mesonotum or metanotum, behind the scutum = In Apocrita, only the mesoscutellum is evident
and is simply named the scutellum, whereas in Symphyta both the mesoscutellum and metascutellum are
present = A sclerite of the thoracic notum; the mesoscutellum, appearing as a more or less triangular sclerite
behind the pronotum (Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera). scutum (pl., scuta; adj., scutal) = The anterior sclerite of a
notum, in front of the scutellum = In Apocrita, the mesoscutum is functionally only the area in front
of the transscutal articulation; the axilla, although morphologically part of the mesoscutum, is treated
separately (also see axilla) = The middle division of a thoracic notum, just
anterior to the scutellum. sebaceous glands = Glands secreting fatty or oily material. secondary defense = A defensive mechanism that is brought into play only in
the presence of a threat--for example, an aggressive display. secondary pest = An insect that does not normally attain pest status
except when insecticides destroy its natural enemies. secondary plant substance = A substance produced by a plant that plays no role in
the basic metabolism of the plant. sectorial cross vein = A cross vein connecting two branches of the radial
sector. seed tick
= Name frequently given to very small larvae of Ixodidae ticks before they
have had a blood feeding. segment = A ring or subdivision of the body or of an appendage
between areas of flexibility, and bearing intrinsic muscles. A subdivision of the body or of an appendage, between joints or
articulations. seminal vesicle = An expansion of the vas deferens of the male in which
sperm are stored = A structure, usually saclike, in which the seminal fluid of the male is stored before being discharged;
usually an enlargement of the vas deferens. semiaquatic = Living in wet places or partially in water = sense cone or sense peg = A minute cone or peg, sensory in function. sensillum (pl., sensilla) =
An integumental sense organ, consisting of sensory neurons and associated
cuticular structures. A simple sense organ, such as a seta, or one of the structural
units of a compound sense organ. An
organ capable of detecting external stimuli. sensory
filtering = The process
of receiving only certain specific stimuli among the many potential stimuli
impinging on the body. sensory neuron = A neuron capable of generating an action potential in
response to an external stimulus lsuch as physical displacement, temperature, humidity,
chemicals, etc. serial homology = Homology within an insect due to the repetition of
components of an organ system in each body segment. serrate = Toothed along the edge like a saw; serrate antenna. sessile = Attached or fastened, incapable of moving from place to
place; attached directly, without a stem or petiole = One structure attached to another, without
a distinct constriction (cf. pedunculate, petiolate). seta (pl., setae; adj., setal) = A slender, hair-like, usually
sensory extension of the cuticle, connected to the body wall by a socket. A bristle = A movable hair of the integument, typically
forming a sensillum. setaceous = Bristlelike; setaceous antenna. setate = Provided with bristles. setulose = Bearing short, blunt bristles. sigmoid Shaped like the
letter S. sibling species = Closely related species that are difficult to
distinguish morphologically. In
nature they are reproductively
isolated from each other. They
may differ only slightly biologically but more epidemiologically. sign stimulus = A stimulus for which an animal has evolved a specific
response pattem. simple = Unmodified, not
complicated; not forked, toothed, branched, or divided. s.l. (sensu lato) = Means "In the borad sense." social parasite = An insect that invades or lays its eggs in the nest of
another insect and develops on food in the nest. spatulate = Spoon‑shaped; broad apically and narrowed basally,
and flattened. species = A group of individuals or populations that are similar
in structure and physiology and are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile
offspring, and that are different in structure and/or physiology from other such groups and normally do not
interbreed with them. species complex
= A group of sibling or very closely related species that are morphological indistinguishable
but are reproductively isolated, and
which often live in the same area (sympatric). species group
= Used for an assemblage of closely related species that although they may be
morphologically similar in one or more lifestages can
nevertheless be distinguished on external appearance as distinct species. spectral vein = A wing vein that is indicated only by a ridge or furrow
on the wing surface; it has no trace of pigment and cn only be seen with reflected
light (cf. tubular, nebulous veins). sperm duct = A tube connecting the bursa copulatrix of ditrysian
Lepid6ptera to the vagina. sperm follicle = A tubelike subdivision of the testis in which
spermatogenesis occurs. sperm precedence = In multiple matings, the tendency for sperm from the
most recent mating to fertilize the eggs. spermatheca (pl., spermathecae) = A saclike structure in
the female in which sperm from the male are received and often stored. A small sac associated with the median oviduct of the female,
in which sperm are stored following copulation. spermatocyte = A cell that divides to form the spermatozoa of male
animals. spermatogenesis = The production of sperm cells. spermatogonium = A primary germ cell of the male. spermatophore = A capsule containing sperm, produced by the males of
some insects = A sac produced by accessory glands of male insects and transferred
to the female reproductive tract, containing sperm and often proteinaceous material. spermatozoon (pl., spermatozoai) = A functional, usually
motile, sperm cell. spinasternum = An intersegmental sclerite of the thoracic venter that
bears a median apodeme or spina, associated with or united with the sclerite immediately
anterior to it; also called the intersternite. spindle‑shaped = Elongate and cylindrical, thickened in the middle and
tapering at the ends. spine A thornlike outgrowth of the cuticle. spinneret = A structure with which silk is spun, usually fingerlike
in shape. spinose = Beset with spines; spinose costa in Diptera. spiracle (adj., spiracular) = A small, round or oval lateral
opening on a body segment through which air enters the tracheae = An external opening of the
tracheal system; a breathing pore. spiracular plate = A platelike sclerite next to or surrounding the
spiracle. spur A movable spine (when on a leg segment, usually located at the apex of the
segment. spiracular bristles = Bristles very close to a spiracle (Diptera). Spirochaetes
= Gram-negative bacteria that have a more or less spiral shape (e.g., Borrelia
duttonii), which is spread by soft ticks and causes relapsing
fever sporogony
= That part of the sexual cycle of sporozoans (e.g., Plasmodium spp.)
in which sporozoites are produced. spurious claw = A false claw; a stout bristle that looks like a claw
(spiders). spurious vein = A veinlike thickening of the wing membrane between two
true veins; an adventitious longitudinal vein between the radius and the media, crossing
the r‑m cross vein (Diptera, Syrphidae). squama (pl., squamae) =
A membranous lobe at the extreme base of the wing of Diptera; also called
calypter. A scalelike structure; a calypter; the
palpiger (Odonata). s. str (sensu stricto)
= Means "In the strict or narrow sense." stadium (pl., stadia) =
The period between molts in a developing arthropod. stalked = With a stalk or stem; with a narrow stemlike base; of
veins, fused together to form a single vein. stemmata ( sing.; pl., stemmai) = The lateral eyes of insect larvae.
Simple eyes located on the sides of the head of many insect larvae. sternacostal suture or sulcus = A suture of the thoracic sternum, the external mark of
the sternal apophysis or furca, separating the basisternum from the
sternellum. sternal apophysis or‑ sternal
arm = See furca. sternaulus (pl., sternauli) = The horizontal lateroventral carina or
groove near the lower margin of the mesopleuron, extending from the lower end of the epicnemial
carina toward the mesocoxa. sternellum = The part of the
eustemum posterior to the sternacostal suture jsulcusl. sternite A
subdivision of a sternum; the
ventral plate of an abdominal segment. sternite = The sclerotized subdivision of a sternum bounded by
grooves or by membranous lines or areas (also see sternum). sternopleural bristles = Bristles on the stemopleuron (Diptera). sternopleuron (pl., sternopleural) = A sclerite in the
lateral wall of the thorax, just above the base of the middle leg (Diptera). sternite = Ventral
plate sternum (pl., sterna; adj., sternal) = The ventral division of a
body segment, which may be subdivided into sternites; usually only refers to the segments of
the abdomen/metasoma and to the prothorax.
The sterna of the mesothorax and metathorax are
considered to be invaginated within the thorax. A sclerite on the ventral side of the body; the ventral sclerite of an
abdominal segment. A ventral sclerite
of the insect thorax or abdomen. stigma (pl., stigmata) = A thickening of the wing
membrane along the costal border near the apex. A thickly sclerotized and usually darkly pigmented area on
the forewing margin at the apex of the costal vein. In Chalcidoidea, a knob-like enlargement of the apex of
the stigmal vein. stigmal vein = A short vein extending posteriorly from the costal
margin of the wing, usually a little beyond the middle of the wing (Hymenoptera) stimulus filtering = See Sensory
filtering. stipes (pl., stipites; adj., stipital) = A major sclerite of the
maxilla, articulating basally with the cardo, apically with the galea and lacinia, and laterally with
the maxillary palpus. stipes (pl., stipites) = The second segment or
division of a maxilla, which bears the palp, the galea, and the lacinia
lateral lobes of the millipede gnathochilarium. stomodaeum = The foregut. stomodeal nervous system = A set of small ganglia
and their connections, Iying on the sutface of the foregut. stomodeum =
The foregut of insects. storage excretion = The removal of metabolic wastes by isolation within
certain tissues or cells. stria (pl., stnae) = A groove or depressed line. striate = With grooves or depressed lines. stridulate = To make a noise by rubbing two structures or surfaces
together. stripe = A longitudinal color marking. stylate = With a style; stylelike; stylate antenna. . style = A bristlelike process at the apex of an antenna; a
short slender, fingerlike process. stylet = A thin, sclerotized lance formed of modified
mouthparts, capable of piercing a plant or animal. A needlelike structure; one of the piercing structures
in sucking mouthparts. stylopized = Infected by stylopoid beetles. stylus (pl. styli) = A short, slender, fingerlike
process. A ventral, unsegmented
appendage on the abdomen of bristletails. subalare = A small sclerite in the upper part of the pleuron that
articulates with the axillary sclerites. subcuticular space = The narrow space between the endocuticle and the
epidermal cells, formed during molting. sub- = Latin prefix meaning "under"; also used
commonly to mean "somewhat" or "almost" (e.g., subequal
is synonymous with almost equal). subalare lor subalar sclente) = An epipleurite
located posterior to the pleural wing process. subantennal groove = In Apiformes, 1-2 fine grooves between the torulus and
the clypeus. subantennal sulcus = A groove on the face extending ventrally from the base
of the antennae. subapical = Located just proximad of the apex. subbasal = Located just distad of the base. subclass = A major subdivision of a class, containing a group of
related orders. subcosta . The longitudinal vein between the costa and the radius. subcoxa = Leg segment of primitive arthropods basad of the coxa,
hypothesized to be incorporated into the thoracic wall to form the thoracic pleurites (see anapleurite, catapleunte). subequal = Approximately, or almost, equal in size or length. subesophageal ganglion = The knotlike swelling at the an terior end of the
ventral nerve cord, usually just below the esophagus. A composite ganglion that innervates the mouthparts, located
in the head below the digestive tract. subfamily = A major division of a family, containing a group of
related tribes or genera. Subfamily names end in nae. subgenal carina = A ridge bordering the gena ventrally; it extends from
the hypostomal carina to the anterior or facial articulation of the mandible. subgenal suture (or sulcus) = The horizontal suture below
the gerla, just above the bases of the mandibles and maxillae, a lateral extension of the epistomal
suture. subgenital plate = A platelike sternite that underlies the genitalia. subgenual organ = An organ on the tibia of many insects, consisting of a
group of scolopidia and sensitive to vibrations transmitted through the legs. subgenus (pl., subgenera) = A major subdivision of a genus,
containing a group of related species. In scientific names, subgeneric names are capitalized and
placed in parentheses following the genus name. subimago = The first of two winged instars of a mayfly after it
emerges from the water. submarginal cell = One or more cells Iying immediately behind the marginal
cell (Hymendptera). submarginal vein = A vein immediately behind and paralleling the costal
margin of the wing (Hymen6ptera). submentum = The basal part of the labium = The basal sclerite of
the labium articulating apically with the mentum; in Apoidea, an often V-shaped sclerite
(often called the lorum) with an arm articulating with each cardo and medially articulating with the mentum). submetapleural carina = A ridge on the ventral margin of the lower part of the
metapleuron, between the bases of the mesocoxae and metacoxae. subocular suture (or sulcus) = A
suture extending ventrally from the compound eye. subocular groove = A groove extending from the ventral margin of the eye
to the anterior or facial articulation of the mandible. suborder = A major subdivision of an order, containing a group of
related superfamilies or families. subperiodic
= As applied to microfilariae in peripheral vertebrate blood, means they exhibit
partial diel (24-hr) periodicity. Their concentration in the blood
decreases from a maximum to a minimum, but not close to zero. subquadrangle = A cell immediately behind the quadrangle (Odonata,
Zygoptera). subspecies = A subdivision of a species, usually a geographic race.
The different subspecies of a species ordinarily are not sharply differentiated. They
intergrade with one another and are capable of interbreeding. For names of subspecies, see scientific name. subtriangle = A cell or group of cells proximad of the triangle
(Odonata, Anis6ptera). successions = Groups of species that successively occupy a given
habitat as the conditions of the habitat change. sulcate = With a groove or furrow. sulcus (pl., sulcili) = A groove formed by an infolding of the
body wall; a groove or furrow. superfamily = A group of closely related families. Superfamily names
end in ‑oidea. superficial cleavage = A type of embryonic development in which the cleavage
nuclei migrate to the surface of the egg; cell membranes then form about each
nucleus. superior appendage = One of the two upper appendages at the end of the
abdomen, a cercus (Odonata). supernormal stimulus = A stimulus that exceeds normal with respect to size or
other properties & elicits an exaggerated response. superparasitoid = A parasitoid that produces several offspring per
individual host. superposition eye = A type of compound eye occurring in noctumal insects,
in which the ommatidia are not surrounded by a shield of pigment. supinate = To turn the trailing edge of the wing downward. supplement = An adventitious vein formed by a number of cross veins
being lined up to form a continuous vein, located behind and more or less parallel to one
of the main longitudinal veins IOdonata; supra‑alar bristles = A longitudinal row of bristles on the lateral portion of the mesonotum, immediately
above the wing base (Diptera). suture = An external
inelike groove in the body wall, or a narrow membranous area between
sclerites; the boundary between two fused sclerites; the line
of juncture of the elytra (Coleoptera).
A line of indentation in the cuticle, usually forming an intemal
strengthening ridge. A line or
membranous area on the cuticle indicating the jucntion of 2 formerly separate plates
or sclerites (also see groove). swimmeret = An abdominal appendage that functions as a swimming
organ (Crustacea). sylvatic
= In epidemiology means that diseases are contracted in woods or forests
(e.g., the forest cycle of yellow fever). symbiont = An organism living in intimate association with another
organism. symbiosis = A living together, in a more or less intimate association,
of two species, which benefits both. symmetry = A definite pattern of body organization; bilateral
symmetry, a type of body organization in which the various parts are arranged more or less
symmetrically on either side of a median vertical plane, that is where the
right and left sides of the body are
essentially similar. sympatric speciation = Division of a species into two or more descendant
species within the same area. synanthropic = Applied to animals living in close association with
humans or their dwellings (e.g., houseflies, Triatomidae). synapsis (pl., synapses) = The point of interaction between
adjacent neurons or between a neuron and a muscle or gland, involving a chemical neurotransmitter. synchronous muscle = A muscle in which each contraction is initiated by the
reception of a neuronal impulse. synonyms Two or more names for the same thing
Itaxonl. synergist = A substance that enhances the effectiveness of a second
substance. It has little or no
toxicity but when combined some
insecticides it enhances their activity and thus reduces dosage rates. systematics = The study of the relationships among organisms. systemic insecticide = An insecticide that is absorbed by a plant or animal
and transported throughout it. <T terms> taenidia = Cuticular ridges that support the walls of tracheae. taenidium (pl., taenidia) =
A circular or spiral thickening in the inner wall of a trachea. tandem running = A form of recruitment behavior in which one individual
follows another, maintaining antennal contact. tagma (pl., tagmata) = A group of segments of the
body specialized for a given function, e.g., the head, thorax, and abdomen of insects = A cluster of
associated body segments. tandem = One behind the other, the two connected or attached
together. tapetum = A basal layer of tracheae in ar; ommatidium that
reflects light. tarsal claw = A claw at the apex of the tarsus, derived from the
pretarsal segment of the leg. tarsal formula = The number of tarsal segments on the front, middle, and
hind tarsi, respectively. tarsomere = A subdivision of the tarsus; each tarsus has 3-5
tarsomeres in Hymenoptera. tarsus (pl., tarsi; adj., tarsal) = The 5th segment of a leg,
attached basally to the tibia and subdivided into tarsomeres. The leg segment immediately beyond the tibia, sometimes
consisting of one or more "segments" or subdivisions. The segment of the insect leg distal to
the tibia, usually subdivided into tarsomeres and bearing the pretarsus with its claws. taxis (pl., taxes) = A stereotyped orientation movement
directed toward or away from a source of stimulation. taxon (pl., taxa) = A group of organisms
classified together. taxonomy = The science of classification into categories of
varying rank, and the describing and naming of these categories. Also:
The practice of classifying organisms. tegmen (pl., tegmina) = A somewhat thickened forewing, serving
as a protective covering of the hindwing, as in grasshoppers and cockroaches = The thickened or
leathery front wing of an orthopteran. tegula (pl., tegulae) = A small, sclerotized flap overlying the
base of the forewing of certain insects. tegular (pl., tegulae) = A small, scale-like sclerite covering
the base of teh forewing, basal to the humeral plate. telopod (telopodite) =
The portion of the leg beyond the coxopodite. telotrophic ovariole = Meroistic ovariole in which the nurse cells remain in
the germarium. telson = The posterior part of the last abdominal segment
Crustacea); the posterior spinelike tail of the Xiphosura; the posterior nonmetameric portion of the
body. temporal memory = The ability to compensate for the passage of time
during locomotory behavior such as foraging from the nest. tenaculum = A minute structure on the ventral side of the third
abdominal segment that serves as a clasp for the furcula (Collembola). teneral = A term applied to recently molted, pale, soft‑bodied
individuals. tentorial pits = Pitlike depressions on the surface of the head that
mark the points of union of the arms of the tentorium with the outer wall of the head. There
are usually two tentorial pits in the epistomal suture and one at the lower end of each postoccipital suture. tentorium = A set of apodemes that form the intemal bracing of the
head = The endoskeleton of the head, usually consist ing of two pairs of apodemes. terga = dorsal plates or sclerites tergum (pl., terga; adj., tergal) = A dorsal sclerite of a body
segment, which may be subdivided into tergites; specifically used for the abdomen/metasoma (also see
laterotergite). A sclerotized
subdivision of a tergum bounded by grooves, or membranous lines or areas (also see
laterotergite, tergum). A sclerite on
the dorsal side of the body; the dorsal sclerite of an abdominal segment. terminal = At the end; at the posterior end (of the abdomen1; the
last of a series. termitophile = A symbiont living in the nest of termites. terrestrial = Living on land. territoriality = Occupation of a site that is defended from other
individuals of the same sex and species. testaceous = brownish-yellow or amber color. testis (pl., testes) = The sex organ in the male
that produces sperm. testicular follicles = Tubules in which the sperm are formed. thelytoky. A form of parthenogenesis in which only females are
produced from unfertilized eggs, males being very rare or absent. thorax (pl., thoraces; adj., thoracic) = The principal middle
division of the body to which the legs and wings are attached, between the head and abdomen
(cf. mesosoma) = The central tagma of an insect's body, bearing the legs and (when present) the wings = The
body region behind the head, which bears the legs and wings. thyridium = Part of the gastrocoelus In Ichneumonidae which is the
usually transverse impression anterolaterally on metasomal tergum 2. The gastrocoelus includes the thyridium,
which is the surface area with specialized sculpture, while the gastrocoelus is
the impression itself. tibia (pl., tibiae; adj., tibial) = The 4th segment of a leg,
between the femur and the tarsus = The fourth segment of the insect leg, beyond the femur and before
the tarsus. tibial spur = A large spine on the tibia, usually located at the
distal end of the tibia. tormogen cell = An epidermal cell secreting a ring of cuticle that
connects a cuticular hair to the cuticle.
An epidermal cell associated with a seta, which
forms the setal membrane or socket. torulus (pl., toruli) = A paired socket on the front of the head
on which the scape is articulated. toxicogenic = Producing disease symptoms as a result of an introduced
toxin. toxicognath = A poison jaw (centipede); a modified leg = trachea (pl., tracheae) = A cuticle‑lined airconducting
tube of the insect body. A tube of
the respiratory system, lined with taenidia, ending externally at a spiracle,
and terminating internally in the tracheoles. tracheal gill = A heavily tracheated extension of the body, permitting
extraction of oxygen from water. tracheole = A delicate tubule extending from a trachea, the site of
gas exchange between the tracheal system and the tissues = The fine terminal branch of
the respiratory tubes. transovarial transmission
= Production by an infected vector of eggs infected with parasites. When they hatch they give rise to individuals that are
infected and are either capable of transmitting the parasites or passing them
on to later life cycle stages. transstadial transmission
= Survival of parasites through successive life cycle stages of an organism
each of which can transmit the parasite if it is
haematophagous. transscutal articulation = A line of weakness across the mesonotum between the
forewing bases, which secondarily separates the posterolateral angles of
the mesoscutum beside the scutellum (also see axilla, scutum). translucent = Allowing light to pass through, but not necessarily
transparent. transmission = The passage of a parasite from the intermediate host to
the definitive host or vice versa. transverse = Across, at right angles to the longitudinal axis. transverse suture = A suture across the mesonotum (Diptera). trap crop = A crop planted because of its attractiveness to
certain pests and then destroyed or treated so as to destroy insects. triangle = A small triangular cell or group of cells near the base
of the wing (Odonata, Anisoptera). tribe = A subdivision of a subfamily, containing a group of
related genera. Names of tribes end in "ini". trichobothria = Minute sensory hairs on the tarsi (spiders). trichogen cell = An elaidermal cell that secretes a cuticular process,
such as a hair. The epidermal cell
from which a seta develops. Also: A cell that
surrounds the glial cell and the outer section of a sensory neuron. trichoid sensillum = A seta modified for reception of stimuli. trichome = A hairlike outgrowth of a plant that may serve various
functions, including defense against insect attack. tripectinate = Having three rows of comblike branches. tritocerebrum = The ventral lobes of the brain = The most posterior
part of the brain, which connects to the ventral nerve cord. triungulin larva = The active first‑instar larva of the Strepsiptera
and certain beetles that undergo hypermetamorphosis. trivial movements = Movements of an animal within its normal habitat, not
involving dispersal. trochantellus = The basal end of the femur; it looks like a 2nd segment
of the trochanter. trochanter = The second segment of the insect leg, between the coxa
and femur. trochantin = A small sclerite in the thoracic wall immediately
anterior to the base of the coxa. trophallaxis = The exchange of alimentary canal liquid among colony
members of social insects and guest organisms, either mutually or unilaterally;
trophallaxis may be stomodeal (from the mouthl or proctodeal (from the
anusj. trophocyte = synonym is nurse
cell. trophogenic polymorphism = Polymorphism resulting from differences in the quantity
or quality of food provided to the larvae. tropism = The orientation of an animal with respect to a
stimulus, either positive (turning toward the stimulus) or negative (turning away from the
stimulus). truncate = Cut off square at the end; blunt or obtuse. truss cell = synonym is hypostigmatic
cell. trypomastigote
= Morphological form of a trypansome with the flagellum arising near the
posterior end, and running the length of the body where it is
attached to the cell membrane.
Trypomastigotes are found in the vertebrate blood of hosts infected with
trypanosomiasis and are the form ingested by a vector when it draws blood. tubercle = A small knotlike or rounded protuberance. tubular vein = A pigmented wing vein that is hollow and therefore
appears darker laterally and lighter medially; it is visible with both reflected and
transmitted light (cf. nebulous, spectral veins). tylus = The clypeal region of the head (Hemiptera). tymbal = A sclerotized plate in the sound‑producing organ
of a cicada. tympanal hood = One of a pair of tubercles or rounded prominences on
the dorsal surface of the first abdominal segment ILepidoptera). tympanic organ = The eardrumlike structure of certain insects,
consisting of a thin portion of integument and associated scolopidia that perceive sound. tympanum (pl., tympana) = A vibrating membrane; an auditory
membrane or eardrum. types = Specimens designated when a species or group is
described to serve as the reference if there is any question about what that species or group includes.
The type of a species or subspecies lthe holotype) is a specimen; the type of a genus or subgenus is a species;
and the type of a tribe, subfamily, family, or superfamily is a genus. <U terms> uncus = In Chalcidoidea, a short, narrow stub near the apex of
the stigmal vein directed towards the postmarginal vein. unisexual = Consisting of or involving only females. univoltine = Having but a single generation a year. uric acid = Chemical
commonly used by terrestrial insects for excretion of nitrogenous wastes. urine = Fluid
containing excreted wastes. urogomphi (sing., urogomphus) = Fixed or movable cercuslike
processes on the last segment of a beetle larva (also called pseudocerci or corniculi). uropod = One of the terminal pair of abdominal appendages,
usually lobelike (Crustacea). <V terms> vagina = The terminal portion of the female reproductive system,
which opens to the outside. valvifer = A basal sclerite of a valve of the ovipositor,
articulating with the tergum. valvifers. The basal plates of the ovipositor, derived from the
basal segment of the gonopods. valvulae = The three pairs of processes forming the sheath and
piercing structures of the ovipositor. vannus = A fan‑shaped lobe at the posterior margin of the
hindwing of certain insects. vas deferens (pl., vasa dekrentia) = The sperm duct
leading away from a testis. vas efferens (pl.,
vasa efferentia) = A short duct
connecting a sperm tube in the testis with the vas deferens. vector = An organism that transmits a pathogen from one host to
another. A vector may be an
intermediate host (e.g.,
mosquitoes transmitting filariasis) or not (houseflies mechanically
transmitting bacteria). vein = (adj., veinal) = A narrow, usually dark thickening of a
wing arising at the wing base and branching towards the apex (also see nebulous, spectral,
tubular veins) = A sclerotized rod
supporting the wing membrane (collectively called the venation of a
wing) = A thickened line in the wing. venereal transmission
= When pthogens, such as viruses and rickettisia, are passed from cogenitally
infected males to females during mating. Occurs in some vectors of yellow fever and
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. venter = The ventral
side = The lower or under surface of an organism . ventrad = Toward the ventral side or underside of the body;
downward. ventral = Referring to the lower surface of an organism. ventral diaphragm = A ventral muscular sheath that assists in circulating
the hemolymph around the nerve cord. ventral nerve cord = Paired nerve Iying along the lower surface of the
hemocoel, containing segmentally arranged ganglia. ventriculus = Midgut verbenone = An inhibitory pheromone produced by bark beetles of
both sexes, inhibiting arrival of further individuals. vermiform = Wormlike. vertex The top of the head, between the eyes
and anterior to the occipital suture. vermiform larva = A legless wormlike larva, without a welldeveloped
head. vertex = The top of the head between the eyes, from the anterior
margin of the median ocellus to the occiput. vesicle = A sac, bladder, or cyst, often extensible. vestigial = Small, poorly developed, degenerate, nonfunctional. vibrissae (oral) = See oral
vibrissae. viraemia
= the presence of cirus in vertebrate blood.
High viraemia rates are usually required for transmission by arthropod vectors. visceral nervous system = A series of nerve fibers and ganglia closely associated
with the gut and reproductive organs. vitellarium = Portion of the ovariole in which vitellogenesis takes
place. vitellogenesis = Yolk formation in the developing egg. vitellogenins = Female‑specific proteins synthesized by the fat
body and taken up by maturmg oocytes. vitelline membrane = The cell wall of the insect egg; a thin membrane Iying
beneath the chorion. vitellogenesis = Transfer of vitellogenins to the developing oocyte with
consequent increase in size of the oocyte. vitellogenin = Yolk precursor molecule. viviparous = Producing living young that have been nourished
internally by the mother. volsella (pl., volsellae) = A paired, median inner appendage of
the male genitalia. vulva = Opening of the vagina (= ovipore). vulvar lamina = The posterior margin sually prolonged posteriorly) of
the eighth abdominal sternite Ifemale Amsoptera ). <W terms> waggle dance = A form of recruitment in the honey bee in which
direction and distance to a food source are indicated. wireworm = An elateriform larva; a larva that is slender heavily
sclerotized, with few hairs on the body, and with thoracic legs but without prolegs; the larva of
a click beetle. <X terms> [No terms
presently available] <Y terms> Y‑vein = Two adjacent veins fusing distally, forming a Y shaped
figure; for example, the anal veins in the front wing. <Z terms> Zoogeographical regions = Any one of
six main geographical areas referred to by zoologists. Each region has its own
particular fauna, of which many species occur only in that region. zoonosis = Natural transmission of infections between vertebrate
hosts and humans. zoophagic (zoophilic) = Blood-sucking arthropods that feed on
non-human animals. zoophagous = Feeding on living animals. |